A+P Chapter 1 Skeletal+muscular System Flashcards
How many bones are in the body?
206.
What is a joint?
A place on the body where two or more bones meet.
What are the two parts in the skeleton
Axial and appendicular.
What are the parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull, thoracic girdle and vertebral column
What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle and upper limbs and pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
Definition of the appendicular skeleton?
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton
Definition of the axial skeleton?
This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine and rib cage.
Definition of ligament?
A tough ban of fibrous tissue that attaches one bone to another.
Definition of tendon?
A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
Name the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
Describe a fibrous joint?
No movement allowed. The most stable. Examples include joints between the bones of the skull and between the fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx
Describe a cartilaginous joint?
Little movement allowed. Stable. Examples include joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
Describe a synovial joint?
Free movement allowed. It is the least stable. Examples include joints between the bones of the arms and legs.
Definition of diaphysis
The shaft or middle part of a long bone
Definition of the epiphysis?
The en portion of a long bone.
Definition of bone marrow?
Connective tissue found in the spaces inside bones. Site of blood cell production and fat storage.
Definition of articular cartilage?
A thin layer of smooth cartilage that is quite spongy and covers the end of bones at a joint.
Structure and function of ligament?
Structure- a band of strong fibrous tissue
Function- to connect bone to bone
Structure and function of synovial fluid?
Structure- slippery fluid the consistency of egg-whites that is contained in the joint cavity.
Function- to reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint.
Structure and function of articular cartilage?
Structure- smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers the end of bones in the joint.
Function- to absorb shock and prevent friction between bones.
Structure and function of the joint capsule?
Structure- tough, fibrous tissue that has two layers
Function- the fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint.
Name the 5 types of synovial joint?
Ball+socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid and gliding.
Describe a ball+socket joint?
Examples include shoulder and hip joint. A ball shaped head of one bone into a cup like shape of another. Allows the greatest range of movement.
Describe a hinge joint?
Examples include the elbow, knee and ankle joint. Allows bending and straightening only.
Describe a pivot joint?
Examples include the radio-ular and spine. This joint only allows rotation about it longitudinal axis.
Describe a condyloid joint?
Example includes the wrist. Movement can occur in two planes and allows the second most movement.
Describe a gliding joint?
Example would be the spine. Allows movement in three planes however it is severely limited.
Definition of medial?
Towards the middle of the body.
Definition of lateral?
Towards the outside of the body.
What are the 12 movements that can occur at a joint?
Flexion, extension, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, pronation, supination, lateral flexion, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
How do you recognise the difference between pronation and supination?
You would carry a bowl of soup (‘sup’ination) in the palm of your hand.
What are the muscles of the quadriceps?
Rectus femoris, Vastus intermedius, Vastus lateralis and Vastus medialis.
What are the muscles of the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus.
Definition of origin?
Point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Definition of insertion?
Point of attachment of a muscle that tends to move towards the origin during muscular contraction.
Definition of agonist muscle?
The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at a joint.
What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
Concentric and eccentric contractions.
Describe the concentric contraction in a bicep curl?
Concentric contraction in the biceps brachii during upward phase.
The biceps brachii produces tension and shortens.
It pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow.
Describe the eccentric contraction in a bicep curl?
Eccentric contraction occurs in the biceps brachii during the downward phase
The biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens
It slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow.
Describe the isometric contraction in a bicep curl?
Isometric contraction occurs in the bicep brachii when the muscle is holding the weight still.
The biceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length.
It stops flexion and extension of the elbow.
Define isotonic contraction
Tension is produced in the muscle while there is a change in a muscle length. It is a dynamic contraction because the joint will move.
Define isometric contraction?
Tension is predicted in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length. It is a static contraction because he joint will stay the same.
Define concentric contraction?
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening while producing tension.
Define eccentric contraction?
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening while producing tension
Define muscle fibre?
A long cylindrical muscle cell. Muscles fibres are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle.
Define a slow twitch muscle fibre?
Muscle fibre associated with aerobic work. High resistance to fatigue suited to endurance events eg. Marathon.
Define fast twitch muscle fibre?
Muscle fibre associated with anaerobic work. It has a low resistance to fatigue and suited to power based activities eg. Sprinting
Define aerobic exercise?
Is performer in the presence of oxygen at a sub maximal intensity over a prolonged period of time.
Define anaerobic exercise?
Is performs in the a scenes of oxygen at a maximal intensity that can be sustained for a short period of time due to build up of lactic acid.
Structure of a slow twitch fibre?
Fibre size- small Number of mitochondria- large Number of capillaries- large Myoglobin content- high PC stores- low Glycogen stores- low Triglyceride stores- high
Structure of a fast oxidative glycolytic fibre?
Fibre size- large Number of mitochondria- moderate Number of capillaries- moderate Myoglobin content- moderate PC stores- high Glycogen stores- high Triglyceride stores- moderate
Structure of fast glycolytic fibres?
Fibre size- large Number of mitochondria- small Number of capillaries- small Myoglobin content- low PC stores- high Glycogen stores- high Triglyceride stores- low
Functional characteristics of slow twitch fibres?
Speed of contraction- slow Force of contraction- low Resistance to fatigue- high Aerobic capacity- high Anaerobic capacity- low
Functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?
Speed of contraction- fast Force of contraction- high Resistance to fatigue- low Aerobic capacity- low Anaerobic capacity- high
Functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?
Speed of contraction- fastest Force of contraction- highest Resistance to fatigue- lowest Aerobic capacity- lowest Anaerobic capacity- highest
Effects of a warm up on skeletal muscle tissue?
A reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to an improvement in the efficiency of muscular contractions
A greater speed and force of contractions due to faster nerve transmission
Increased flexibility reducing the risk of injury.
Effects of a cool down on skeletal muscle tissue?
An increase in the speed of a removal of lactic acid and co2 that raise the acidity levels of the muscle and affect pain receptors due to oxygen rich blood being flushed through the muscle
A decrease in the risk of DOMS, which is the muscular pain experienced 24-48 hours after intense exercise due to tears in muscle fibres.
