A+P Chapter 1 Skeletal+muscular System

Question 0

How many bones are in the body?

Answer 0

206.

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

A place on the body where two or more bones meet.

Question 2

What are the two parts in the skeleton

Answer 2

Axial and appendicular.

Question 3

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

Skull, thoracic girdle and vertebral column

Question 4

What are the parts of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

Shoulder girdle and upper limbs and pelvic girdle and lower limbs.

Question 5

Definition of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 5

The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton

Question 6

Definition of the axial skeleton?

Answer 6

This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine and rib cage.

Question 7

Definition of ligament?

Answer 7

A tough ban of fibrous tissue that attaches one bone to another.

Question 8

Definition of tendon?

Answer 8

A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.

Question 9

Name the 3 types of joints?

Answer 9

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

Question 10

Describe a fibrous joint?

Answer 10

No movement allowed. The most stable. Examples include joints between the bones of the skull and between the fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx

Question 11

Describe a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 11

Little movement allowed. Stable. Examples include joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

Question 12

Describe a synovial joint?

Answer 12

Free movement allowed. It is the least stable. Examples include joints between the bones of the arms and legs.

Question 13

Definition of diaphysis

Answer 13

The shaft or middle part of a long bone

Question 14

Definition of the epiphysis?

Answer 14

The en portion of a long bone.

Question 15

Definition of bone marrow?

Answer 15

Connective tissue found in the spaces inside bones. Site of blood cell production and fat storage.

Question 16

Definition of articular cartilage?

Answer 16

A thin layer of smooth cartilage that is quite spongy and covers the end of bones at a joint.

Question 17

Structure and function of ligament?

Answer 17

Structure- a band of strong fibrous tissue

Function- to connect bone to bone

Question 18

Structure and function of synovial fluid?

Answer 18

Structure- slippery fluid the consistency of egg-whites that is contained in the joint cavity.
Function- to reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint.

Question 19

Structure and function of articular cartilage?

Answer 19

Structure- smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers the end of bones in the joint.
Function- to absorb shock and prevent friction between bones.

Question 20

Structure and function of the joint capsule?

Answer 20

Structure- tough, fibrous tissue that has two layers

Function- the fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint.

Question 21

Name the 5 types of synovial joint?

Answer 21

Ball+socket, hinge, pivot, condyloid and gliding.

Question 22

Describe a ball+socket joint?

Answer 22

Examples include shoulder and hip joint. A ball shaped head of one bone into a cup like shape of another. Allows the greatest range of movement.

Question 23

Describe a hinge joint?

Answer 23

Examples include the elbow, knee and ankle joint. Allows bending and straightening only.

Question 24

Describe a pivot joint?

Answer 24

Examples include the radio-ular and spine. This joint only allows rotation about it longitudinal axis.

Question 25

Describe a condyloid joint?

Answer 25

Example includes the wrist. Movement can occur in two planes and allows the second most movement.

Question 26

Describe a gliding joint?

Answer 26

Example would be the spine. Allows movement in three planes however it is severely limited.

Question 27

Definition of medial?

Answer 27

Towards the middle of the body.

Question 28

Definition of lateral?

Answer 28

Towards the outside of the body.

Question 29

What are the 12 movements that can occur at a joint?

Answer 29

Flexion, extension, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, pronation, supination, lateral flexion, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Question 30

How do you recognise the difference between pronation and supination?

Answer 30

You would carry a bowl of soup ('sup'ination) in the palm of your hand.

Question 31

What are the muscles of the quadriceps?

Answer 31

Rectus femoris, Vastus intermedius, Vastus lateralis and Vastus medialis.

Question 32

What are the muscles of the hamstrings?

Answer 32

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus.

Question 33

Definition of origin?

Answer 33

Point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.

Question 34

Definition of insertion?

Answer 34

Point of attachment of a muscle that tends to move towards the origin during muscular contraction.

Question 35

Definition of agonist muscle?

Answer 35

The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at a joint.

Question 36

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

Answer 36

Concentric and eccentric contractions.

Question 37

Describe the concentric contraction in a bicep curl?

Answer 37

Concentric contraction in the biceps brachii during upward phase. The biceps brachii produces tension and shortens. It pulls the forearm upwards to cause flexion of the elbow.

Question 38

Describe the eccentric contraction in a bicep curl?

Answer 38

Eccentric contraction occurs in the biceps brachii during the downward phase The biceps brachii produces tension and lengthens It slows the lowering of the forearm and controls extension of the elbow.

Question 39

Describe the isometric contraction in a bicep curl?

Answer 39

Isometric contraction occurs in the bicep brachii when the muscle is holding the weight still. The biceps brachii develops tension and stays the same length. It stops flexion and extension of the elbow.

Question 40

Define isotonic contraction

Answer 40

Tension is produced in the muscle while there is a change in a muscle length. It is a dynamic contraction because the joint will move.

Question 41

Define isometric contraction?

Answer 41

Tension is predicted in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length. It is a static contraction because he joint will stay the same.

Question 42

Define concentric contraction?

Answer 42

A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening while producing tension.

Question 43

Define eccentric contraction?

Answer 43

A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening while producing tension

Question 44

Define muscle fibre?

Answer 44

A long cylindrical muscle cell. Muscles fibres are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle.

Question 45

Define a slow twitch muscle fibre?

Answer 45

Muscle fibre associated with aerobic work. High resistance to fatigue suited to endurance events eg. Marathon.

Question 46

Define fast twitch muscle fibre?

Answer 46

Muscle fibre associated with anaerobic work. It has a low resistance to fatigue and suited to power based activities eg. Sprinting

Question 47

Define aerobic exercise?

Answer 47

Is performer in the presence of oxygen at a sub maximal intensity over a prolonged period of time.

Question 48

Define anaerobic exercise?

Answer 48

Is performs in the a scenes of oxygen at a maximal intensity that can be sustained for a short period of time due to build up of lactic acid.

Question 49

Structure of a slow twitch fibre?

Answer 49

``` Fibre size- small Number of mitochondria- large Number of capillaries- large Myoglobin content- high PC stores- low Glycogen stores- low Triglyceride stores- high ```

Question 50

Structure of a fast oxidative glycolytic fibre?

Answer 50

``` Fibre size- large Number of mitochondria- moderate Number of capillaries- moderate Myoglobin content- moderate PC stores- high Glycogen stores- high Triglyceride stores- moderate ```

Question 51

Structure of fast glycolytic fibres?

Answer 51

``` Fibre size- large Number of mitochondria- small Number of capillaries- small Myoglobin content- low PC stores- high Glycogen stores- high Triglyceride stores- low ```

Question 52

Functional characteristics of slow twitch fibres?

Answer 52

``` Speed of contraction- slow Force of contraction- low Resistance to fatigue- high Aerobic capacity- high Anaerobic capacity- low ```

Question 53

Functional characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?

Answer 53

``` Speed of contraction- fast Force of contraction- high Resistance to fatigue- low Aerobic capacity- low Anaerobic capacity- high ```

Question 54

Functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?

Answer 54

``` Speed of contraction- fastest Force of contraction- highest Resistance to fatigue- lowest Aerobic capacity- lowest Anaerobic capacity- highest ```

Question 55

Effects of a warm up on skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 55

A reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to an improvement in the efficiency of muscular contractions A greater speed and force of contractions due to faster nerve transmission Increased flexibility reducing the risk of injury.

Question 56

Effects of a cool down on skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 56

An increase in the speed of a removal of lactic acid and co2 that raise the acidity levels of the muscle and affect pain receptors due to oxygen rich blood being flushed through the muscle A decrease in the risk of DOMS, which is the muscular pain experienced 24-48 hours after intense exercise due to tears in muscle fibres.