A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Is the study of structure of the body
Physiology
Is the study of function of anatomical structures
Levels of organization
The chemical level- atoms are the smallest chemical units. Molecules are a group of atoms working together.
The cellular level- cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.
The tissue level- tissues are a group of similar cells working together.
The organ level- an organ is a group of different tissues working together.
The organ system level- organ systems are a group of organs working together. Humans have 11 organ systems.
The organism level- a human is an organism(individual).
Integumentary system
Protects against environmental hazards
Major organs- skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
Skeletal system
Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Major organs- bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow.
Muscular system
Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues. Generates heat and maintains body temperature.
Major organs- skeletal muscles and tendons.
Nervous system
- Directs immediate responses to stimuli. *Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems.
- Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
Major organs- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.
Endocrine system
- dierects- long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
- adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
- controls many structural and functional changes during development.
Major organs- pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, and endocrine tissues in other systems.
Cardiovascular system
- Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
Major organs- heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Lymphatic system
- defends against infection and disease.
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Major organs- spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
Respiratory system
- delivers air to the alveoli
- provides oxygen to the bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds for communication
Major organs- nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
Digestive system
- processes and digest food
- absorbs and conserves water
- absorbs nutrients
- stores energy reserves
Major organs- teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system
- extracts wastes products form the blood.
- controls water balance by regulating volume of tine produced.
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
- regulates blood ion concentrations and ph.
Major organs- kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Reproductive system
- produces males and females sex cells.
- sexual intercourse.
- produces males and females sex hormones.
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.
- provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
Major organs- ovaries, testes, uterine tubes, epididymis, uterus, penis, vagina, mammary glands, and prostrate glands.
Homeostasis
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Negative feedback
- The response of the effector negates the stimulus. The body is brought back to homeostasis.
- normal range is achieved. Reset back to normal.
Ex: body temp. Increases to 102 degrees and the normal body temp. Is 98.6 the point is to make the body go back to normal temperature.
Positive feedback
- the response of the effector increases change of the stimulus,
- the body is move away from homeostasis.
- normal range is lost.
- is used to speed up process.
- increases the stimulus. Exaggerates the stimulus.
Anatomical position
Hands at sides, palms forward.
Supine position
Laying down, face up.
Prone position
Laying down, face down.
Receptor
Receives the stimulus
Control center
Process the signal and sends instructions.
Effector
Carries out instructions.
Intrinsic regulation
- Occurs without or voluntary
* automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.
Extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems.
Systems integration
- systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
- homeostasis is a state of equilibrium.
- opposing forces are in balance
- physiological systems work to restore balance.
- failure results in disease or death.
Frons
Frontal(forehead)
Cranium
Skull(cranial)
Fancies
Face(facial)
Oculus
Eye(orbital)
Becca
Cheek(buccal).
Auris
Ear(otic)
Nasus
Nose(nasal)
Oris
Mouth(oral)
Mantis
Chin(mental)
Cervicis
Neck(cervical)
Axilla
Armpit(axillary)
Thorcis
Chest(thoracic)
Branchium
Arm(brachial)
Mamma
Breast(mammary)
Antecubitis
Front of the elbow(anticubital)
Antibrachium
Forearm(antibrachial)
Carpus
Wrist(carpal)
Pollex
Thumb
Palma
Palm(palmar)
Digits
Fingers(phalanges)
Patella
Kneecap(patellar)
Crus
Leg(crucal)
Tarsus
Ankle(tarsal)
Digits
Toes(phalanges)
Abdomen
Abdominal
Umbilicus
Umbilical
Coxal
Hip
Pelvis
Pelvic
Ingush
Groin(inguinal)
Pubis
Pubic
Femur
Thigh(femoral)
Pens
Foot(pedal)
Acromegaly
Shoulder
Dorsum
Back(dorsal)
Olecranon
Back of the elbow(olecranal)
Lumbus
Lumbar
Sacram
Sacral
Manus
Hand(manual)
Gluteus
Buttock(gluteal)
Popliteus
Back of the knee(popliteal)
Sure
Calf(Sural)
Calcaneus
Heel of the foot(calcaneal)
Planta
Sole of the foot(plantar)
Chephalon
Head(cephalic)
Upper limb
From the gluteus to the neck
Lower limb
From the gluteus to the plantar(sole of the foot).
Posterior/dorsal
The back surface
Superior
The head is superior to the chest.
Cranial
Towards the head
Inferior
The knee is inferior to the hip
Caudal
Towards the tail
Lateral
Away from the midline
Medial
Towards the midline
Proximal
Towards the point of attachment
Distal
Away from the point of attachment
Superficial
At near, or relatively close to the body surface
Deep
Towards the interior of the body, farther from the surface
Coronal/frontal
Vertical section separates anterior and posterior structures.
Transverse
Sections are perpendicular to the vertical orientation of the body.
Sagittal
Vertical section divides the body into right and left portions.
Midsagittal
Vertical section equally divides structures structures.
Dorsal cavity/posterior
Contains the brain and spinal cord. Is located on the back of the body.
Cranial cavity
Is the space within the oval cranium of the skull that encases and protects the brain.
Spinal cavity
Is a long slender canal that passes through the vertebral column.
Anterior/ventral
Divides by the diaphragm the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
Is the entire space of the body trunk anterior(in the front) to the vertebral column and posterior(the back) to the sternum.
Thoracic cavity
Surrounded by the chest wall and diaphragm.
Subdivided into right pleural, mediastinum, and left pleural.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains the peritoneal cavity. Includes abdominal and pelvic cavity.
Serous membranes
Secretes fluids to cushion organs
Parietal layer
Lines cavities
Visceral layer
Covers organs
Parietal pericardial
Lines the cavity of the heart
Parietal plura
Lines the cavity of the lungs
Parietal peritoneum
Lines the cavity of the abdominal and pelvic
Visceral pericardium
Covers the heart
Visceral plura
Covers the lungs
Visceral peritoneum
Covers the internal organs of the abdominal wall.
Peritoneal cavity
Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Superior portion
- diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
- contains digestive organs
- retroperitoneal space- area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
- contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract.
Pelvic cavity
Inferior portion
- within pelvic bones
- contains reproductive organs, rectum,and bladder
Right upper quadrant and epigastric region
Contains the liver
Left upper quadrant/epigastric region
Contains the stomach
Left upper quadrant/left hypochondriac region
Contains the spleen
Right upper quadrant and the umbilical region
Contain the small intestine and the large intestine
Right lower quadrant and the hypogastric region
Contains the appendix
Left lower quadrant and the hypogastric region
Contains the urinary bladder
