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ANP 2401 > A&P Chapter 1 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Is the study of structure of the body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of function of anatomical structures

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3
Q

Levels of organization

A

The chemical level- atoms are the smallest chemical units. Molecules are a group of atoms working together.

The cellular level- cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.

The tissue level- tissues are a group of similar cells working together.

The organ level- an organ is a group of different tissues working together.

The organ system level- organ systems are a group of organs working together. Humans have 11 organ systems.

The organism level- a human is an organism(individual).

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4
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protects against environmental hazards

Major organs- skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.

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5
Q

Skeletal system

A

Provides support and protection for other tissues.

Major organs- bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow.

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6
Q

Muscular system

A

Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues. Generates heat and maintains body temperature.

Major organs- skeletal muscles and tendons.

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7
Q

Nervous system

A
  • Directs immediate responses to stimuli. *Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems.
  • Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

Major organs- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.

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8
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • dierects- long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
  • adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
  • controls many structural and functional changes during development.

Major organs- pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, and endocrine tissues in other systems.

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9
Q

Cardiovascular system

A
  • Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
  • distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.

Major organs- heart, blood, and blood vessels.

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10
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • defends against infection and disease.
  • returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

Major organs- spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils.

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11
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • delivers air to the alveoli
  • provides oxygen to the bloodstream
  • removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
  • produces sounds for communication

Major organs- nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.

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12
Q

Digestive system

A
  • processes and digest food
  • absorbs and conserves water
  • absorbs nutrients
  • stores energy reserves

Major organs- teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

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13
Q

Urinary system

A
  • extracts wastes products form the blood.
  • controls water balance by regulating volume of tine produced.
  • stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
  • regulates blood ion concentrations and ph.

Major organs- kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.

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14
Q

Reproductive system

A
  • produces males and females sex cells.
  • sexual intercourse.
  • produces males and females sex hormones.
  • supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.
  • provides milk to nourish newborn infant.

Major organs- ovaries, testes, uterine tubes, epididymis, uterus, penis, vagina, mammary glands, and prostrate glands.

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.

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16
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • The response of the effector negates the stimulus. The body is brought back to homeostasis.
  • normal range is achieved. Reset back to normal.

Ex: body temp. Increases to 102 degrees and the normal body temp. Is 98.6 the point is to make the body go back to normal temperature.

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17
Q

Positive feedback

A
  • the response of the effector increases change of the stimulus,
  • the body is move away from homeostasis.
  • normal range is lost.
  • is used to speed up process.
  • increases the stimulus. Exaggerates the stimulus.
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18
Q

Anatomical position

A

Hands at sides, palms forward.

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19
Q

Supine position

A

Laying down, face up.

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20
Q

Prone position

A

Laying down, face down.

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21
Q

Receptor

A

Receives the stimulus

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22
Q

Control center

A

Process the signal and sends instructions.

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23
Q

Effector

A

Carries out instructions.

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24
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A
  • Occurs without or voluntary

* automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.

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25
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems.

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26
Q

Systems integration

A
  • systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
  • homeostasis is a state of equilibrium.
  • opposing forces are in balance
  • physiological systems work to restore balance.
  • failure results in disease or death.
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27
Q

Frons

A

Frontal(forehead)

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28
Q

Cranium

A

Skull(cranial)

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29
Q

Fancies

A

Face(facial)

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30
Q

Oculus

A

Eye(orbital)

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31
Q

Becca

A

Cheek(buccal).

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32
Q

Auris

A

Ear(otic)

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33
Q

Nasus

A

Nose(nasal)

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34
Q

Oris

A

Mouth(oral)

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35
Q

Mantis

A

Chin(mental)

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36
Q

Cervicis

A

Neck(cervical)

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37
Q

Axilla

A

Armpit(axillary)

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38
Q

Thorcis

A

Chest(thoracic)

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39
Q

Branchium

A

Arm(brachial)

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40
Q

Mamma

A

Breast(mammary)

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41
Q

Antecubitis

A

Front of the elbow(anticubital)

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42
Q

Antibrachium

A

Forearm(antibrachial)

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43
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist(carpal)

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44
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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45
Q

Palma

A

Palm(palmar)

46
Q

Digits

A

Fingers(phalanges)

47
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap(patellar)

48
Q

Crus

A

Leg(crucal)

49
Q

Tarsus

A

Ankle(tarsal)

50
Q

Digits

A

Toes(phalanges)

51
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal

52
Q

Umbilicus

A

Umbilical

53
Q

Coxal

A

Hip

54
Q

Pelvis

A

Pelvic

55
Q

Ingush

A

Groin(inguinal)

56
Q

Pubis

A

Pubic

57
Q

Femur

A

Thigh(femoral)

58
Q

Pens

A

Foot(pedal)

59
Q

Acromegaly

A

Shoulder

60
Q

Dorsum

A

Back(dorsal)

61
Q

Olecranon

A

Back of the elbow(olecranal)

62
Q

Lumbus

A

Lumbar

63
Q

Sacram

A

Sacral

64
Q

Manus

A

Hand(manual)

65
Q

Gluteus

A

Buttock(gluteal)

66
Q

Popliteus

A

Back of the knee(popliteal)

67
Q

Sure

A

Calf(Sural)

68
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel of the foot(calcaneal)

69
Q

Planta

A

Sole of the foot(plantar)

70
Q

Chephalon

A

Head(cephalic)

71
Q

Upper limb

A

From the gluteus to the neck

72
Q

Lower limb

A

From the gluteus to the plantar(sole of the foot).

73
Q

Posterior/dorsal

A

The back surface

74
Q

Superior

A

The head is superior to the chest.

75
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

76
Q

Inferior

A

The knee is inferior to the hip

77
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

78
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

79
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

80
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the point of attachment

81
Q

Distal

A

Away from the point of attachment

82
Q

Superficial

A

At near, or relatively close to the body surface

83
Q

Deep

A

Towards the interior of the body, farther from the surface

84
Q

Coronal/frontal

A

Vertical section separates anterior and posterior structures.

85
Q

Transverse

A

Sections are perpendicular to the vertical orientation of the body.

86
Q

Sagittal

A

Vertical section divides the body into right and left portions.

87
Q

Midsagittal

A

Vertical section equally divides structures structures.

88
Q

Dorsal cavity/posterior

A

Contains the brain and spinal cord. Is located on the back of the body.

89
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Is the space within the oval cranium of the skull that encases and protects the brain.

90
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Is a long slender canal that passes through the vertebral column.

91
Q

Anterior/ventral

A

Divides by the diaphragm the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

Is the entire space of the body trunk anterior(in the front) to the vertebral column and posterior(the back) to the sternum.

92
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Surrounded by the chest wall and diaphragm.

Subdivided into right pleural, mediastinum, and left pleural.

93
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Contains the peritoneal cavity. Includes abdominal and pelvic cavity.

94
Q

Serous membranes

A

Secretes fluids to cushion organs

95
Q

Parietal layer

A

Lines cavities

96
Q

Visceral layer

A

Covers organs

97
Q

Parietal pericardial

A

Lines the cavity of the heart

98
Q

Parietal plura

A

Lines the cavity of the lungs

99
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the cavity of the abdominal and pelvic

100
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Covers the heart

101
Q

Visceral plura

A

Covers the lungs

102
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers the internal organs of the abdominal wall.

103
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

104
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Superior portion

  • diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
  • contains digestive organs
  • retroperitoneal space- area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
  • contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract.
105
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Inferior portion

  • within pelvic bones
  • contains reproductive organs, rectum,and bladder
106
Q

Right upper quadrant and epigastric region

A

Contains the liver

107
Q

Left upper quadrant/epigastric region

A

Contains the stomach

108
Q

Left upper quadrant/left hypochondriac region

A

Contains the spleen

109
Q

Right upper quadrant and the umbilical region

A

Contain the small intestine and the large intestine

110
Q

Right lower quadrant and the hypogastric region

A

Contains the appendix

111
Q

Left lower quadrant and the hypogastric region

A

Contains the urinary bladder

ANP 2401 (9 decks)

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