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Test 3 > A&P Chap 6-7 > Flashcards

A&P Chap 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is skeletal cartilage made of?

A

Made of highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water; contains no blood vessels or nerves

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2
Q

What is perichondrium and its characteristics?

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle

  • Helps cartilage resist outward expansion when compressed
  • Contains blood vessels to nourish the cartilage cells
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3
Q

What is the thickness of cartilage limited by?

A

The distance nutrients can diffuse through the matrix to reach the cells

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4
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibrocartilage

All three have chondrocyte cells, enclosed in lacunae within the extracellular matrix containing jellylike ground substance and fibers.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Most abundant type; contains collagen fibers only
  • Articular (joints), costal (ribs), respiratory (larynx), nasal cartilage (nose tip)
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6
Q

What are the four types of hyaline cartilage types?

A
  • Articular (joints): cover the ends of most bones at movable joints
  • Costal (ribs): connect the ribs to the sternum
  • Respiratory (larynx): larynx and reinforce respiratory passages
  • Nasal (nose tip): support the external nose
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A
  • Similar to hyaline cartilage, but containing more elastic fibers
  • External ear and epiglottis
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  • Highly compressible
  • Great tensile strength
  • Roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers
  • Menisci of the knee; vertebral discs
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9
Q

What are the two ways cartilage grows?

A
  • Appositional
  • Interstitial
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10
Q

What is the appositional growth of cartilage?

A

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix against external face of existing cartilage

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11
Q

What is the interstitial growth of cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
  • Growth ends during adolescence when skeleton stops growing
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12
Q

What are the seven important functions of bones?

A
  1. Support; for body and soft organs
  2. Protection; protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
  3. Anchorage; levers for muscle action
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage; calcium and phosphorus, and growth factors reservoir
  5. Blood cell formation; hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
  6. Triglyceride storage; fat, used for an energy source, is stored as yellow marrow in cavities of long bones.
  7. Hormone production; osteocalcin secreted by bones: regulates insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism
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13
Q

Cartilage is surrounded by ____________.
Bone is surrounded by ____________.

A

Cartilage - perichondrium
Bone - periosteum

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14
Q

In cartilage, _______ is in lacunae.
In bone, ________ is in lacunae.

A

Cartilage - chondrocytes
Bone - osteocytes

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15
Q

In cartilage, _______ is in lacunae.
In bone, ________ is in lacunae.

A

Cartilage - chondrocytes
Bone - osteocytes

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16
Q

In cartilage, extracellular matrix is __________.
In bone, extracellular matrix is ________.

A

Cartilage - flexible
Bone - rigid (due to inorganic calcium salts)

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17
Q

In cartilage, extracellular matrix is made by ___________.
In bone, extracellular matrix is made by ___________.

A

Cartilage - chondroblasts
Bone - osteoblasts

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18
Q

Name the type(s) of growth cartilage and bone go through.

A

Cartilage - appositional and interstitial.
Bone- appositional only

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19
Q

What are two groups of skeletons based on location?

A

Axial skeleton
- Long axis of body
- Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton
- Bones of upper and lower limbs
- Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

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20
Q

Why are bones considered organs?

A

Because they contain different types of tissues

Bone (osseous) tissue predominates, but a bone also has nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle cells, and epithelial cells in its blood vessels

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21
Q

What are spongy bone also called?

A

Trabeculae

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22
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A
  • Arms: humerus, ulna, radius
  • Legs: femur, tibia, fibula
  • Fingers: metacarpals, phalanges
  • Toes: metatarsals, phalanges
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23
Q

What are examples and functional characteristics of short bones?

A
  • Wrist and ankle
  • Sesamoid bones: act to alter the direction of pull of a tendon.
  • Reduce friction and modify pressure on tendons to reduce abrasion or tearing.
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24
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A
  • Thin, flattened, bit curved
  • Sternum
  • Scapulae
  • Ribs
  • Cranial bones of the skull
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25
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • hip bones
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26
Q

What is diaphysis

A
  • Shaft of long bone
  • Central medullary cavity (marrow cavity) contains no bone tissue, contains yellow marrow in adults
  • Thin layer of spongy bone between marrow and the compact bone
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27
Q

What is epiphyses

A
  • Bone ends
  • Thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surface of each epiphysis
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28
Q

Where are periosteum and endosteum found?

A
  • Periosteum: covers outside of compact bone
  • Endosteum: covers inside portion of compact bone
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29
Q

What is periosteum

A
  • Richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels
  • Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
30
Q

What is endosteum

A

A membrane that lines the center of bones that contain bone marrow

31
Q

What is a hematopoietic tissue and how the locations differ between infants and adults?

A

Red marrow

Infants: the medullary cavity and all spongy bone contain red marrow.

Adults: Red marrow esp. in long bones have been replaced by yellow marrow, extends to epiphysis. Red marrows only found in the cavities b/w trabeculae of spongy bones in: flat bones of skull, sternum, ribs, clavicles, scapulae, hip bones and vertebrae, the heads of femur and humerus.

32
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)

A

Mitotically active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum
- Flattened or squamous
- When stimulated, some become osteoblast

33
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • Actively mitotic bone forming cells
  • Secrete the bone matrix: collagen and calcium binding proteins
  • Play a role in matrix calcification
  • Becomes osteocytes when completely surrounded by the matrix
34
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
  • Monitor and maintain the bone matrix
  • Act as stress sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli e.g. bone loading, deformation, weightlessness
  • Communicate with osteoblasts and osteoblasts in matrix formation
  • Can trigger bone remodeling to maintain calcium homeostasis
35
Q

What is a chondrocyte?

A
  • Maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) and produce the cartilage matrix
  • Surrounded by collagenous fibers, release substances to make cartilage strong yet flexible
  • Found within intervertebral discs and in any form of articular cartilage
36
Q

Where is bone lining cells found?

A

On bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on. Help maintain the matrix.

37
Q

What is osteon?

A
  • The structural unit of compact bone.
  • Enlongated cylinder parallel to the long axis of the bone.
  • Tiny weight-bearing pillars
  • Like growth rings of a tree trunk
  • Each matrix tube is a lamella; the collagen fibers run in alternating patterns to withstand torsional stresses
38
Q

What occupies lacunae at the junctions of the lamellae?

A

Osteocytes

39
Q

What are canaliculi?

A
  • Hairlike canals radiating from the lacunae
  • Filled with tissue fluid and contains the osteocyte extensions
  • Tie all the osteocytes in a mature osteon together, allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next
  • Allow bone cells to be well nourished.
40
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

Incomplete lamellae. Either fill the gaps b/w forming osteons or are remnants of osteons that have been cut through by bone remodeling

41
Q

What is circumferential lamellae?

A
  • Located deep to the periosteum, and superficial to the endosteum.
  • Extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis
  • Effectively resist twisting of the long bone
42
Q

What is osteoid?

A
  • An organic part of the matrix of the bone.
  • Makes up one third of the matrix, and includes ground substance and fibers, secreted by osteoblasts.
  • Contribute to a bone’s structure and flexibility and tensile strength that allow stretching and twisting.
43
Q

Bone’s resilience is thought to come from ______________ in or b/w collagen molecules.

A

sacrificial bonds

44
Q

What are examples of inorganic compounds in bone?

A
  • hydroxyapatites
  • mineral salts; calcium phosphates
45
Q

What are ossification and osteogenesis?

A

The process of bone tissue formation.
Ossification in adults serves mainly for bone remodeling and repair.

46
Q

What happens to bone growth before week 8?

A

Embryonic skeleton consists only of fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage
- The benefit is that it can accommodate mitosis

47
Q

What is endochondral bone?

A

Bone developed through replacing hyaline cartilage

48
Q

What is membranous bone?

A

Bone developed from a fibrous membrane

49
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • Begins late in the second month of development
  • More complex than intramembranous ossification
  • Hyaline cartilage is broken down
50
Q

What is primary ossification center?

A

The first area of a bone to start ossifying. Occur in the diaphysis and in irregular bones usually in the body of the bone

51
Q

What is secondary ossification centers?

A

Develop in one or both epiphyses. Spongey bone is retained and no medullary cavity forms.

Hyaline cartilage remains only: 1. on the epiphyseal surfaces, as articular cartilage. 2. At the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis, as epiphyseal plates

52
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Forms the cranial bones of the skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones) and the clavicles.
Mostly flat bones

  • At about week 8 of development
  • Begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells.
53
Q

What does osteoclast do?

A
  • Aka bone resorption cells
  • Giant multinucleate cells
  • Degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss.
54
Q

Bone remodeling involves both __________ and ____________.

A

New bone formation and bone resorption

55
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

Involves the removal of hard bone tissue by osteoclasts followed by the laying down of new bone cells by osteoblasts.

56
Q

What is epiphyseal plate closure?

A

The epiphyseal plates become thinner until they are entirely replaced by bone tissue. Longitudinal bone growth ends when epiphysis and diaphysis fuse. Happens around 18 for female and 21 for males, promoted by growth hormone (testosterone and estrogen)

57
Q

What stimulates epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood?

A

Growth hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones modulate the activity of growth hormones, ensuring proper skeletal proportions

58
Q

What does PTH parathyroid hormone do?

A
  • Produced by parathyroid glands.
  • Released when blood levels of calcium ion decline.
  • Stimulates osteoclasts to resort bone, releasing calcium ions into the blood.
59
Q

What determines where bone remodeling occurs?

A

Mechanical stress

60
Q

Functions of the facial bones.

A
  • Form the framework of the face
  • Contain cavities for the special sense organs of sight, taste and smell
  • Provide opening for air and food passage
  • Secure teeth
  • Anchor facial muscles of expressions
61
Q

The major skull sutures are:

A
  • coronal: parietal bones meet the frontal bone anteriorly
  • lambdoid: parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
  • sagittal: parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline
  • squamous: parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skill
62
Q

Sphenoid bone is the keystone bone of the cranium because…

A

it is in contact with all of the other cranial bones.

63
Q

Ethmoid bone:

A

contributes to the formation of the orbit, nasal cavity, nasal septum and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa.

64
Q

Where is sella turcica found and what does it do?

A

The sphenoid bone has a superior depression called the sella turcica. Surrounds and protects your pituitary gland.

65
Q

Characteristics of hyoid bone

A
  • Not a bone of skull
  • Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible
  • Only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with another bone
  • Anchored by ligaments.
66
Q

What are paranasal sinuses formed from?

A

From five skull bones:
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Ethmoid
- Paired maxillary bones

67
Q

How many irregular bones are in the vertebral column?

A

26

68
Q

How many regions are in the vertebral column?

A

Five

  • Cervical (7) concave
  • Thoracic (12) convex
  • Lumbar (5) concave
  • Sacral (5) convex
  • Coccyx (4)
69
Q

Name the major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
- Support and prevent hyperextension or hyperflexion bending

70
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A
  • Maintain upright posture
  • Helps to preserve the normal curvature of the spine
  • Straighten the column after it has been flexed
71
Q

What is intervertebral discs

A

Cushionlike pad sandwiched b/w vertebrae that act as shock absorbers
- Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus

72
Q

What is perichondrium and its characteristics?

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle

  • Helps cartilage resist outward expansion when compressed
  • Contains blood vessels to nourish the cartilage cells

Test 3 (2 decks)

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