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Test 6 > A&P Chap 12 > Flashcards

A&P Chap 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What does CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is cephalization?

A
  • Evolutionary development of anterior portion of CNS
  • Resulted in increased number of neurons
  • Highest level reached in human brain
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3
Q

Embryologically, the brain and spinal cord begin as a __________.

A

Neural tube

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4
Q

Neural tube’s anterior end expands, and constrictions form three primary vesicles:

A
  • Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • Rphombencephalon (hindbrain)

Posterior end becomes spinal cord

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5
Q

Primary vesicles give rise to five secondary brain vesicles. Forebrain becomes…?

Midbrain? Hindbrain?

A

Forebrain: telencephalon and diencephalon
Midbrain: remains
Hindbrain: metencephalon and myelencephalon

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6
Q

Telencephalon gives rise to ______?

A

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

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7
Q

Diencephalon becomes …?

A

the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and retina

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8
Q

Metencephalon becomes…?

A

The pons and cerebellum

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9
Q

Myelencephalon becomes…?

A

Medulla oblongata

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10
Q

Central cavity of neural tube becomes…?

A

The ventricles

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11
Q

Adult brains have four regions:

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
  4. Cerebellum
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12
Q

Each of the cerebral hemisphere has three regions. What are they?

A
  • Cerebral cortex gray matter
  • Internal white matter
  • Basal nuclei
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13
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies

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14
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • Myelinated and nonmyelinated axons
  • Primarily in fiber tracts
  • The dense coating of fatty myelin gives white matter its color
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15
Q

What is a basic pattern found in CNS

A
  • Central cavity surrounded by gray matter, with white matter external to gray matter
  • Brain stem has additional gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter
  • Cerebrum and cerebellum contain outer layer of gray matter. called the cortex
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16
Q

Elevated ridges of tissue is called…?
Shallow grooves are called…?

A
  • Gyri
  • Sulci
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17
Q

What are the five lobes divided by several sulci?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insula
18
Q

What is cerebral cortex?

A
  • Executive suite of brain
  • Site of conscious mind; awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding
  • Thin superficial layer of gray matter, composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels but no axons
  • 40% mass of brain
19
Q

What does functional imaging (PET and MRI) show?

A

Specific motor and sensory functions located in domains

20
Q

What does premotor cortex do?

A
  • Helps plan movements; staging area for skilled motor activities
  • Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
  • Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
  • Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
21
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A
  • Present in one hemisphere (usually left)
  • Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production
  • Active in planning speech and voluntary motor activities
22
Q

What is sensory areas?

A
  • Areas of cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation
  • Occur in parietal, insular, temporal, and occipital lobes
  • Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual areas, auditory areas, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex and visceral sensory area
23
Q

What is vestibular cortex?

A
  • Posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex
  • Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
24
Q

What is olfactory cortex?

A

Involved in conscious awareness of odors

25
Q

What is gustatory cortex?

A

Involved in perception of taste

26
Q

What is multimodal association areas?

A
  • Allows us to give meaning to information received, store in memory, tie to previous experience, and decide on actions
  • Sensations, thoughts, emotions become conscious: makes us who we are
27
Q

What is anterior association area?

A
  • aka prefrontal cortex
  • Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality
  • Contains working memory needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning
  • Development depends on feedback from social environment
28
Q

What is posterior association area?

A
  • Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space
  • Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area)
29
Q

What is limbic association area?

A

Provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

30
Q

What do left and right hemisphere control?

A

Left: language, math, and logic
Right: Visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion and artistic and musical skills

31
Q

What are functions of basal nuclei?

A
  • Influence muscle movements
  • Play role in cognition and emotion
    -Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
  • Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses
  • Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements
32
Q

What does diencephalon include?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
33
Q

What does thalamus do?

A

Acts to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input such as:
- regulating emotion and visceral function
- help direct motor cortices
- memory or sensory integration

34
Q

What does hypothalamus do?

A
  • The main visceral control and regulating center that is vital to homeostasis
  • Controls autonomic nervous system
    Examples: blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size
  • Initiates physical responses to emotions
    Part of limbic system: perceives pleasure, fear, rage, biological rhythms, and drives (sex drive)
  • Regulates body temperature: sweating or shivering
  • Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones
  • Regulates water balance and thirst
  • Controls endocrine system functions such as:
    Secretions of anterior pituitary gland
    Production of posterior pituitary hormones
35
Q

What does epithalamus do?

A
  • Contains pineal gland
  • Secretes melatonin to regulate sleep wake cycle
36
Q

What are three regions of brain stem and what is its functions?

A
  • Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
  • Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
37
Q

Where is midbrain located?

A

Between diencephalon and pons

Periaqueductal gray matter: nuclei that play a role in pain suppression and fight-or-flight response

38
Q

Parkinson’s disease is degeneration of …?

A

Substantia nigra

39
Q

Where is pons located?

A
  • Between midbrain and medulla
  • Some nuclei play role in reticular formation, and some help maintain normal rhythm of breathing
40
Q

What is the function of medulla?

A
  • Medulla is an autonomic reflex center
  • Many functions overlap with hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus relays instructions via medulla
  • Cardiovascular center: adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • Respiratory centers: generate respiratory rhythm; control rate and depth of breathing
  • Vomiting
  • Hiccupping
  • Swallowing
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
41
Q

What is cerebellum?

A
  • 11% of brain mass
  • Located dorsal to pons and medulla
  • Processes input from cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to provide precise, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles
  • Also plays a major role in balance
  • Plays role in thinking, language, and emotion

Test 6 (1 decks)

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