A&P Chap 1-3 Flashcards
Extracellular fluid (ECF) includes…?
- Interstitial fluid
- blood plasma
- cerebrospinal fluid
What does Extracellular fluid (ECF) do?
Dissolves and transports substances in the body.
What does interstitial fluid consist of? List five.
A water solvent containing:
- glucose
- salt
- fatty acids
- minerals e.g. calcium, magnesium, potassium
- cell waste products
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Fluid surrounding nervous system organs.
What is Intracellular fluid?
The fluid contained within cells
What are the four functions of the plasma membrane (aka cell membrane?)
- Physical barrier: encloses the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
- Determines which substances enter or exit the cell.
- Communication: plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
- Cell recognition: cell surface carbohydrates allow cells to recognize each other
What are two types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins
Where are integral proteins and peripheral proteins located on the plasma membrane respectively?
Integral proteins - firmly embedded in the lipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins - anchored to the membrane or to other proteins.
What are the two regions of integral proteins?
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
What is the function of integral proteins?
Transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors.
Where are peripheral proteins found?
They are attached loosely to integral proteins or have a hydrophobic region that anchors them into the membrane.
What are the key functions of peripheral proteins?
- Help support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side.
- Functions as enzymes
- Cell-to-cell connections
- Act as motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contractions
What are glycocalyx and its function?
A surface layer that covers the cell membrane of many bacteria, epithelial cells, or other cells. It is made up of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. This acts as a barrier for a cell from its surroundings and provides protection. It helps in maintaining the integrity of cells.
What is the process of Passive Transport?
Substances cross the plasma membrane without any energy input from the cell (kinetic energy is used instead.) Substances move from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient).
What is the process of Active Transport?
The cells provide the metabolic energy (ATP) needed to move substances across the membrane. Substances can move from low to high concentration (against the concentration gradient).
What are the 3 types of passive transport across the plasma membrane?
Simple diffusion facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
What are the 3 factors of the diffusion process?
- Concentration
- Molecular size
- Temperature
Explain the process of simple diffusion.
Substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer, often small nonpolar molecules that readily dissolve in lipids. E.g. gasses like oxygen and co2, steroid hormones, and fatty acids. It is passive diffusion.
What are the two criteria that determine how easily a substance will pass by simple diffusion through a plasma membrane?
- lipid solubility
- size
Explain the process of the facilitated diffusion
Transported substance either
1. binds to carrier proteins in the membrane and is carried across or,
2. move through water-filled channel proteins. E.g. glucose, amino acids, and ions such as sodium and potassium.
What is osmosis
The diffusion of a solvent, e.g. water through a specific channel protein or through the lipid bilayer. A passive transport.
What is osmolarity
The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
What is osmotic pressure?
An inward pressure due to the tendency of water to be “pulled” into a cell with higher osmolarities
What is tonicity?
Refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.
What happens to a cell in isotonic solutions?
Cells retain their normal size and shape.
What happens to a cell in hypertonic solutions?
The higher concentration of nonpenetrating solution causes cells to lose water and shrivel.
What happens to a cell in hypotonic solutions?
The more dilute solution causes cells to take on the water until they become bloated and burst.
Difference between primary and secondary active transport.
In primary active transport, the energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP. In the secondary active transport, the energy is derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences between the two sides of a membrane.
Name some major primary active transport systems.
Calcium, hydrogen, and sodium-potassium pump.
How does the sodium-potassium pump work?
- Pumps 3 sodium (Na) ion out of the cell and 2 potassium (K) ion back into the cell
- Located in all plasma membranes, especially active in excitable cells
- Needs ATP to move. Essential for functions of muscle and nerve tissues.
- The pump protein enzyme: Na K ATPase.
What do symporters do?
The movement of two molecules in the same direction through a protein channel.
What do antiporters do?
Movement of two molecules in the opposite direction through a protein channel.
What is endocytosis?
A process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
What is exocytosis?
A process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell exterior. Stimulated by a cell surface signal e.g. binding of a hormone to a membrane receptor or a change in membrane voltage.
What is RMP (resting membrane potential)?
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state.
Ranges from –50 to –100 mV. All cells are electrically polarized.
What is the key player of RMP (resting membrane potential)?
Potassium (K).
- The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradient of potassium (K+) and by the differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions.
- At a membrane voltage of - 90 mV, potassium’s concentration gradient is exactly balanced by the electrical gradient (membrane potential), and one K+ enters the cell as one leaves.
Examples of inorganic compounds.
Water, salts and many acids and bases.
Do not contain carbon.
Examples of organic compounds
Carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Contain carbon.
Name common salts in the body.
- Sodium Chloride: absorbs and transports nutrients
- Calcium Carbonate: For bones, muscles, nervous system and heart.
- Potassium Chloride Calcium Phosphates
What does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system do in the blood?
A buffer for maintaining the pH homeostasis of blood. Resists abrupt and large swings in pH.
- Releases hydrogen ions if pH increases.
- Bind hydrogen ions if pH decreases.
When any acidic substance enters the bloodstream, the bicarbonate ions neutralize the hydronium ions forming carbonic acid and water.
What is dehydration synthesis
The creation of larger molecules from joining smaller monomers (a covalent bond) where a water molecule is released.
What is hydrolysis
Adding a water molecule to one large molecule to break into multiple smaller molecules.
NSAIDs is short for…
Non-steroidial anti-inflammatory drug
What is the function of enzymes?
Globular protein that acts as biological catalysts.
- Regulate and increase the speed of chemical reactions without getting used up in the process.
- Lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of ___________ in its nucleus
Protons
The chemical properties of an element are determined by the number of ___________.
Electrons in its atom
What are examples of Negative Feedback
- Regulation of body temperature (nervous system)
- Regulation of blood glucose level by insulin (endocrine system)
What are examples of Positive Feedback
- Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
- Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
What do these cavities contain:
- Cranial
- Vertebral
- Dorsal
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Cranial and Vertebral
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
Heart, and lungs.
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
Digestive vicera, e.g. stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
What is contained in the pelvic cavity?
- Urinary bladder
- Reproductive organs
- Rectum
What cavities are contained in ventral body cavity?
- thoracic
- abdominopelvic
What lines the internal body cavity?
What lines the outer part of the organ within the body cavity?
Parietal serosa
Visceral serosa
Name 6 different levels of structural organization that make up the human body.
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organismal
In organ level, organs are made up of ___________.
Two or more different types of tissues.
In organ system level, organ systems consists of ___________.
A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions.
List 8 functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Metabolism
- Exertion
- Reproduction
- Growth
What are the 3 types of muscles in human body
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Name 11 organ systems in human body
MURDERS LINC
1. Muscular
2. Urinary
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Endocrine
6. Reproductive
7. Skeletal
8. Lymphatic
9. Integumentary
10. Nervous
11. Cardiovascular
List 5 survival needs
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temp 98.6
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure
What are the 3 components of homeostatic control variables?
- Receptor
- Control center
- Effector
What does the receptor do?
- Monitors environment
- Responds to stimuli
What does the control center do?
- Determines variable set point
- Receives input from receptor
- Determines appropriate response
What does the effector do?
- Receives outputs from the control center
- Provides the means to respond
- Response reduces/enhances stimulus
Explain how blood glucose level is regulated in steps.
- Receptors sense increased blood glucose in the blood sugar.
- Pancreas (control center) secrets insulin into the blood
- Insulin causes body cells (effectors) to absorb more glucose, as a result, decreases blood glucose levels.
What does Sodium Chloride (NaCl) do in our body?
Absorb and transport nutrients
What does Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) do in our body?
Support healthy bones, muscles, nervous system and heart
What does hydrochloric acid do in our body?
- Break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein.
- Eliminates bacteria and viruses in the stomach, protecting your body from infection.
What does acetic acid do in our body?
Helps the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates
What does carbonic acid do in our body?
Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood
Are acids proton donors or acceptors?
Donor. Release hydrogen ions.
Are bases proton donors or acceptors?
Acceptors. Pick up hydrogen ions in the solution
What does pH scale measure?
Measures the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.
The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more _______ the solution is.
Acidic
The more hydroxyl ions (lower concentration of H), the more _______.
Basic
acid + base = ______ + _______.
This reaction is called a ___________.
Salt + water
Neutralization reaction.
Which ion is responsible for increased acidity?
Hydrogen
What is a cell?
A structural and functional unit of life.
How well the entire organism functions depend on the individual and combined activities of all of its cells.
A tissue consist of _____________ .
Groups of similar types of cell.
An organ system consists of ________.
Different organs that work together closely.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of ______ and _______.
Protons and electrons.
