A&P chap 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The scientific study of the body’s structure
Anatomy is broken down into 4 different branches. What are they?
Macroscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
What are the definitions of each branch of anatomy
Macroscopic anatomy: The study of larger structures of the body visible without magnification
Microscopic anatomy: The study of structures that can only be observed with the use of a microscope or other means of magnification
Regional anatomy: The study of all the interrelationships in a specific body region
Systemic anatomy: The study of structures that make up a discrete body system
Which of the types of anatomy are approaches of studying anatomy?
Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
What type of anatomy are specialization areas?
Macroscopic anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
How are all the branches of anatomy similar?
They all focus on studying the structure of anatomy. analyzing organs, organ systems etc
From order of smallest to most complex in terms of anatomical levels of organization?
Subatomic particles
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Organ System
Organism
Biosphere
Compare and Contrast chemical levels of organization from the body’s level of organization.
Subatomic particles combine to form Atoms, Atoms combine to form molecules, Molecules form to create organelles, Organelles form to create Cells, Cells combine to form Tissue, Tissue combine to form Organs, Organs combine to form Organ Systems and Organ Systems combine to form Biosphere
A pure substance or (—-) contain atoms.
Element
Atoms are made up of protons, (—-) and (—-).
Neutron and Electrons or (subatomic particles)
Cells make-up (—-), (—-) make-up organs, (—-) make-up organ systems.
Tissues, Tissues, Organs
The human body is made up of different body systems. Organ systems are made up of (—-) that work together.
Organs
The (—-) System involves (—-), (—-) and Nails
Integumentary, Hair, Skin, Nails
The (—-) System involves (—-) and Tendons
Muscular, Skeletal muscle, Tendons
The (—-) System involves (—-), (—-) and Bones
Skeletal, Cartilage, Joints, Bones
The (—-) System involves (—-), (—-),
(—-), (—-), (—-) and Pancreas
Endocrine, Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Testes, Ovaries, Pancreas
The (—-) System involves (—-), brain, and (—-)
Nervous System, Spinal cord, Brain, Peripheral nerves
The (—-) System involves (—-) and
(—-)
Cardiovascular System, Heart, Blood vessels
The (—-) System involves (—-), (—-) and thymus
Lymphatic System, Lymph Nodes, Spleen and Thymus
The (—-) System involves (—-), Lungs, (—-)
Respiratory System, Nasal Passage, Lungs and Trachea
The (—-) System involves (—-), (—-) and Liver
Digestive System, Gallbladder, Stomach and Liver
The (—-) System involves (—-), and kidneys
Urinary System, Urinary bladder and Kidneys
The (—-) System involves (—-), and Epididymis
Male Reproductive System, Testes, Epididymis
The (—-) System involves (—-), Ovaries, (—-)
Female Reproductive System, Mammary Glands, Ovaries, Uterus
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only change form
Metabolism is a process that involves both (—-) + (—-)
Catabolism, Anabolism
What is catabolism?
Catabolism is the process by which larger complexed substances can be broken down into smaller molecules
What is Anabolism?
Anabolism Is the process where simpler molecules are combined to form larger complexed substances
What is the cellular energy currency?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Compare and Contrast oxygen versus carbon dioxide for human life.
We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide
Different types of nutrients?
Macronutrient: most essential nutrient is Water (Makes up 70% of an adults body mass)
Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals (Doesn’t store well in the body so you need to eat much of them frequently)
The energy-yielding nutrients: Carbohydrates and Lipids ( can be used during the metabolic process and converted into ATP)
When would controlled hypothermia be used?
It would be used in life-saving emergencies, medical professionals might use this process when performing open-heart surgery
How does it aid in medical treatment?
Helps the body’s vital organs not deviate from their set point
How does pressure help blood gas?
Atmospheric pressure helps keep blood gasses dissolved
What is Acclimation?
The process by which an organism changes its physiological functions based on adapting to a change in the environment
What is Adaption?
A change in structural features that take place over time to support the organisms development In their environment
What is Negative Feedback?
Negative Feedback is a mechanism that works on reversing a initial change/deviation from a set point
What is Positive Feedback?
Positive Feedback is a mechanism that enhances the effects of an initial change or deviation
What three basic components does a negative feedback loop consist of?
A stimulus, A sensor, an effector and then the response
What is a example of a negative feedback loop?
body temp reg
What is a example of a positive feedback loop?
childbirth and blood loss
What is anatomical position?
The subject is standing upright and facing forward, palms facing outward, and the legs parallel facing outward
X- Rays were discovered by?
Wilhelm Rontgen
What are the functions of X-rays?
They are high slectromagnectic radiation machines commonly used for hard body structures like teeth and bones
When are CAT scans requested?
CAT scans are Computed axial tomography and most commonly requested to analyze several cross sectional x-rays
What is a MRI?
an MRI is a Magnetic resonance imaging technnique that helps physicians locate different brain abnormalities locations and disease locations
What is A PET scan?
A PET scan is a Positron emission tomography technique that can illustrate physiological activity and blood flow of organs
What is a ultrasonography?
Ultrasonography is the most non invasive imagining device that is used in more sensitive situations like pregnancy and diseases like gallbladder.
What is an Organ System?
An organ system is a system of collective organs that work together to perform a specific function
What are the 10 different types of Organ Systems?
The Integumentary System, The Nervous System, The Cardiovascular System, The Urinary System, The Endocrine System, The Male Reproductive System, The Female Reproductive System, The Skeletal System, The Muscular System, The Digestive System
Identify the term Superior?
Superior refers to a body part that is above another.
Example: The Mammary are Superior to the Umbilical
Identify the term Inferior?
Inferior refers to a body part that is below another.
Example: The pelvic is interior to the mental
Identify the term Medial?
Medial refers to a body part that is in the center or closer to the midline of the body.
Example: The abdomen is medial to the coxal
Identify the term Lateral?
Lateral refers to being farther away from the middle of the body or towards to side of the body.
Example: The shoulder is lateral to the femur
Identify the term Superficial?
Superficial refers to a location close to the surface of the body
Example: The Nipple is superficial to the mammary glands
Identify the term Deep?
Deep refers to a location that is further away from the skin surface
Example: The muscles are deep to the skin
Identify the term Ventral (Anterior)?
Ventral refers to the front of the body or forwards.
Example: The bruise was located on the Femur anteriorly
Identify the term Dorsal (Posterior)?
Dorsal refers to the back of the body or behind.
Example: The Popliteal is posterior
Identify the term Proximal?
Proximal refers to a point of the body that is nearer to the point attachment or the trunk of the body.
Example: The Antecubital is proximal to the Antebrachium
Identify the term Distal?
Distal refers to a point of the body that is farther to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Example: The Tarsus is distal to the Patella
How does a Transverse plane split?
A transverse plane splits horizontally, creating superior and inferior parts
How does a Sagittal plane split?
A sagittal plane splits vertically, creating left and right parts
How does a Frontal/Coronal plane split?
A frontal plane splits vertically, creating anterior and posterior parts
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Encloses internal body structures
Site of many sensory receptors
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports the body
Enables movement with the muscular system
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Enables movement with the skeletal system
Helps maintain body temperature
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Detects and processes sensory information
Activates bodily responses
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones
Regulates bodily processes
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Equalizes temperature in the body
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Assist the circulatory system in transporting lymph ( a fluid found in between cells interstitial fluid)
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Removes carbon dioxide from the body
Delivers oxygen to the body
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Processes food for use by the body
Removes wastes from undigested food
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Removes waste from the blood to produce urine
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Supports embryo/fetus until birth
Produces milk for infant
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Delivers gametes to female
