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LPN course > A&P Ch.17 > Flashcards

A&P Ch.17 Flashcards

1
Q

vasoconstriction

A

decreases blood flow through the dermis and therefor decreases heat loss.

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2
Q

vasodilation

A

in the dermis increase blood flow to the body surface and loss of heat to the environment.

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3
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

secrete sweat (water) onto skin’s surface, and excess body heat evaporates the sweat (ex. hot frying pan is cooled as its heat vaporizes water)

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4
Q

heat is lost by which 3 tracts?

A

Respiratory tract the warmth of respiratory mucosa evaporates some water from the epithelial surface.

Urinary and digestive- When excreted, urine and feces are at body temperature and their elimination results in a small amount of heat loss.

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5
Q

small amounts of heat are lost in what is called

A

sensible water loss, however, insensible water loss is a minor source of heat loss.

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6
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

Is caused by excessive sweating with loss of water and salts, especially NaCI (sodium chloride)

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7
Q

Symptoms of heat exhaustion

A

Normal body temperature, rapid and weak pulse, low BP due to fluid loss, dizziness, vomiting, and muscle cramps. Treatment is rest, consumption of salty fluids or fruit juices in small amounts and inrervals.

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8
Q

Heat stroke

A

Life-threatening and may affect elderly or chronically I’ll people on hot, humid days, or other people who experience too strenuously in such weather.

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9
Q

As fluid loss increases, sweating stops to preserve body fluid and the body temp rises rapidly. T or F

A

T

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10
Q

Symptoms of heat stroke

A

Dry skin…loses consciousness due to high temp on the brain.

Treatment IV fluids, cool water

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11
Q

metabolism

A

All of the physical changes and chemical reactions that take place within the body; include anabolism and catabolism.

Total of all reactions in the body.

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12
Q

energy-releasing action

A

cell respiration

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13
Q

energy-releasing reactions

A

protein synthesis or dna synthesis for mitosis

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14
Q

The process that releases energy from food to produce ATP & produces heat as one of its energy products

A

cell respiration

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15
Q

Although cell respiration takes place constantly, many factors influence the rate of this process. T or F

A

T

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16
Q

Which hormone produced by the thyroid gland increases the cell respiration rate and heat production

A

thyroxine (and t3), which is the

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17
Q

The secretion of thyroxine is regulated by

A

the body’s rate of energy production, the metabolic rate itself

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18
Q

What happens when the metabolic rate decreases?

A

the thyroid gland is stimulated to secrete more thyroxin

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19
Q

what happens when thyroxine increases the rate of cell respiration and raises the metabolic rate

A

neg feedback mechanism inhibits further secretion until metabolic rate decreases again

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20
Q

________is secreted whenever there is a need for increased cell respiration and is probably the most important regulator of day-to-day energy production. pg 396

A

thyroxine

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21
Q

Plays a role in body temp

A

thyroxine, epinephrine ( heart, skeletal, liver- sympathetic stimulation also increases the activity of these organs), stress, intake of food, organs that are normally active (producing ATP) are significant sources of heat when the body is at rest, liver continuously produces ATP & 20% of body heat, peristalsis, digestive organs, increased metabolic energy of digestive tract during food intake,

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22
Q

higher temperatures increase the

A

metabolic rate, which increases heat production and elevates body temp further

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23
Q

normal muscle tone requires atp, the heat produced is about 25 percent of total body heat at rest

A

skeletal muscles

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24
Q

always metabolically active, produces as much as 20% of total body heat at rest

A

liver

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25
Q

Increases activity of GI tract, increases atp and heat production

A

food intake

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26
Q

blood flow through the skin influences the amount of heat lost by the process of

A

radiation, conduction and convection

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27
Q

How does sweating decrease temperature?

A

by evaporation, but it requires a loss of water, which may lead to dehydration.

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28
Q

The amount of heat that is lost is determined by

A

blood flow through skin and sweat glands

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29
Q

heat is transformed to cooler objects NOT touching the skin

A
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30
Q

conduction

A

is the loss of heat to cooler air or objects, such as clothing, that touches the skin.

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31
Q

Convection

A

means air currents move the warmer air away from skin’s surface and facilitate the loss of heat; this is why the fan feels cooler or wind chill factor

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32
Q

hypothalamus

A

responsible for the regulation of the body temperature

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33
Q

Cellular respiration involves 3 major stages

A

krebs cycle, and cytochrome transport system

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34
Q

metabolism

A

encompasses all of the reactions that take place in the body, which is divided into two parts. (anabolism and catabolism)

35
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis or “formation” reactions. The bonding of small molecules to form larger ones. Requires energy (atp) and are catalyzed by enzymes

36
Q

Catabolism

A

Release energy ro sythesis atp (the heat energy released discussed in previous chapters) and decomposition. The breaking of the bonds of larger molecules to form smaller ones.

The apt formed is used for energy requiring anabolic reactions such as DNA replication that processes mitosis.

37
Q

Glyolysis

A

Anaerobic process

38
Q

Krebs

A
39
Q

Cytochome

A
40
Q

Glucose

A

Carbs

41
Q

amino acids

A

proteins are made of smaller molecules called amino acids

42
Q

metabolism

A

total of all actions that take place in the body.

43
Q

What does metabolism reactions include?

A

the energy releasing ones of cell respiration and energy requiring ones such as proteins synthesis or DNA synthesis for mitosis.

44
Q

normal range of temperature

A

96.5 to 99.5, with average oral temp of 98.6

45
Q

In 24 hour period temp fluctuates how many degrees

A

1 to 2 degrees with lowest temp occurring during sleep

46
Q

Infants

A

have more surface area (skin) relative to volume and lose heat more rapidly

47
Q

cell respiration

A

the process that releases energy from food to produce ATP, also produces heat as one of its energy products.

48
Q

epinephrine

A

increases rate of cell respirations esp. in heart, liver, and skeletal muscle.

49
Q

The _______in the dermis may constrict or dilate

A

arterioles

50
Q

conduction

A

is the loss of heat to cooler objects, such as clothing, that touches the skin

51
Q

convection

A

means that air currents move the warmer air away from the skin surface and facilitate the loss of heat (fan feels good on hot days)

52
Q

Responsible of body temperature

A

Hypothalamus. Neurons detect changes in temp of blood that flows to brain and temp receceptoes in skin provide info about the external temps

53
Q

pyrogens

A

substance that may cause a fever. Also includens bateria, foreign proteins, and chemical released during inflammation.

54
Q

What are inflammatory chemicals called

A

endogenous (“generated within) pyrogens. Raises the setting of hypothamic thermostat. The hypothalamus stimulates responses by the body to raise body temp to his higher setting. Pg 399

55
Q

Antipyretic

A

Lowers fevers

56
Q

During frostbite fingers, nose, and ears are most effected by prolonged exposure to the cold. If body fluid freezes, ice crystals may destroy capillaries and tissues because water expands when it freezes), blisters form, gangrene, tissues dies

A

T

57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q

Low body temp below 95

A

Hypothermia

61
Q

Hypothermia symptoms

A

Confused, slow speech, drowsiness, lack of coordination, decreased or slow heart rate as well as breathing, coma, death

Elderly and quadriplegic who have no sensation are at a high risk

62
Q

Ketosis

A

Fats and proteins become energy sources and ketone accumulate blood faster than cells can utilize. Lower physical due to ketone that are organized acids. As kidney excrete keyones buy they must also excrete more water as a solvent, which leads to dehydration.

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
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66
Q
A
67
Q
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68
Q
A
69
Q
A
70
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Diabetics may get this leads to confusion, coma, death. Reversal requires a carbohydrate energy source and insuline.

71
Q

Glucose is the raw materials for synthesis of another important monoosaccharideis called

A

Penrose sugars that are part nucleic acids

72
Q

Any glucose in excess of immediate energy needs or need for penthouse sugars is covered to what?

A

Glycogen in liver and skeletal system.

73
Q

Left over glucose is converted to

A

Fat

74
Q

GLYCOGEN

A

A polysaccharide tjst is storage form for excess glucose in liver and muscles

75
Q

Thiamin function

A

Conversion of privacy acid to acetyl coa

76
Q

Vitamin a function

A

Sythesis of RHODOPSIN
CALCIification FOR BONE
MAINTENANCE OF EPITHELIAL

77
Q
A
78
Q
A
79
Q

Vit d

A

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine

Contributed to immune responses, action of insuline preservation of muscle mass and strength

80
Q

Vit E

A

Antioxidant- prevente destruction of cell membranes
Helps WOUND healing and detoxifying ability of the liver

81
Q

Vit k

A

Sythesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors

82
Q

Formation if bones and teeth
Neuron and muscle function
Blood clotting

A

Calcium

83
Q

Contributed to osmotic pressure of body fluids
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
Part of BICARBONATE BUFFER

A

Sodium

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