A&P Ch 1 Flashcards
What is Anatomy?
the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
What are the 3 subdivisions of Anatomy?
- Gross or macroscopic anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Developmental Anatomy
What are the 3 subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?
Regional Anatomy
System Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
what is regional anatomy?
looks at all structures in a particular area.
what is system anatomy?
looks at just one system (cardiovascular).
what is surface anatomy?
looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (veins).
what subdivisions are within Microscopic Anatomy?
cytology and histology
what is cytology?
the study of cells
what is histology?
the study of tissue
what is a subdivision of developmental anatomy?
embryology
what is embryology?
studies the developments before birth.
what is physiology?
study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life.
what are the 2 subdivisions of physiology?
organ systems
cellular or molecular level
what happens at the cellular or molecular level within physiology?
How the body’s ability are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)
what is the principle of complimentary?
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable, where functions always reflect a structure and what structures can do depends on its specific form
what are the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body : in order
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level
what happens at the chemical level?
atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter; combine to form molecules such as water and protein. Molecules in turn, associate in specific ways to organelles, which is a basic component to our next level.
what happens at the cellular level?
made up of molecules and vary in size and shape.
what happens at the tissue level?
made up of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
what are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous
explain epithelium tissue
this tissue type covers the body surface and lines its cavities.
explain muscle tissue
this tissue level provides movement
explain connective tissue
this tissue level supports and protects body organs
explain nervous tissue
this tissue level provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
what happens at the organ level?
this is where complex functions are made possible. An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types and performs a specific function for the body.
what happens at the organ system level?
at this level organs work together to accomplish a common purpose to make up an organ system.
what happens at the organismal level?
this is the highest level and represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
List the 11 organ systems of the body
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System//Immunity
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Male and Female Reproductive System
what are the components and function of the Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
what are the components and function of the Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement.
Blood cells are formed within bones and bones store minerals.
what are the components and function of the Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.
Maintains posture, and produces heat.
what are the components and function of the Nervous System
Fast acting control system of the body.
It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
what are the components and function of the Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
what are the components and function of the Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
what are the components and function of the Lymphatic System//Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
what are the components and function of the Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
This gas exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
what are the components and function of the Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to body cells.
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminates as feces.
what are the components and function of the Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous waste form the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-based balance of the blood.
what are the components and function of the Male and Female Reproductive System
Overall function is to produce offspring.
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone.
The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands in breasts produce milk.
List the 8 functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans and describe them
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
how does the body maintain boundaries?
o Separation between internal and external environments must exist
o Plasma membranes separate cells
o Skin separates organism from environment
how does the body maintain movement?
Muscular system allows movement, Of body parts via skeletal muscles, Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)
Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level
how does the body maintain responsiveness?
o Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
o Withdrawal reflex prevents injury
o Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities
how does the body maintain digestion?
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
how does the body maintain metabolism?
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
how does the body maintain excretion?
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)
how does the body maintain reproduction?
o At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
o At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring
List the 6 survival needs of the body.
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal Body Temp
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates: major source of energy
Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry
Fats: long-term energy storage
Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
Oxygen
Essential for release of energy from foods
The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen
Water
Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions
Normal Body Temp
If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Define homeostasis and explain its significance.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed
Maintained by contributions of all organ systems (mainly the endocrine and nervous systems)
Describe Negative Feedback
Negative feedback reduces or shuts off an original stimulus; examples of this include regulating body temperature and blood glucose levels by using insulin.
Describe Positive Feedback
Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus, an example of this is labor contractions and platelet plug formation and blood clotting.
Describe the anatomical position.
Standard anatomical position is body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body.
Dorsal/Posterior
Back/Behind
Ventral/ Anterior
Front
Superior/Cranial
Above
Inferior/Caudal
Below
Medial
Toward midline of body: Inner Side
Lateral
Away from midline of body: Outer Side
Superficial
External
Deep
Internal
Proximal
Closer to origin of body
Distal
Further from origin of body
List and define the two regions of the body
Axial: main axis of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular: consists of the limbs which are attached to the body axis
List and describe body planes
Sagittal: vertically divides the body into right and left parts
• Median plane lies exactly
in the midline
• Parasagittal planes are
offset from the midline
Frontal: lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts, this is also called the coronal plane.
Transverse: runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts, can also be called cross section.
Oblique Sections: cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes.
What are the two main body cavities?
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
What sub cavities are within the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial Cavity: holds brain
Vertebral Cavity: holds spinal cord
What sub cavities are within the Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity: contains lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea
Abdominopelvic Cavity/ Peritoneum: contains liver, stomach, spleen, intestines, bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
what cavities are within the Thoracic Cavity?
Two Pleural Cavities/ Pleurae: holds lungs
Mediastinum: holds pericardial cavity that holds the esophagus and trachea
Pericardial Cavity/ Pericardium : holds heart
what cavities are within the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Abdominal Cavity: holds stomach, liver, spleen, intestines,
Pelvic Cavity: holds bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
Serose
is a thin double –layer membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity.
Double layers are separated with serous fluid secreted by both membranes
Parietal serosa
lines the internal body cavity walls
Visceral serose
covers internal organs
nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the organs they contain.
- Right hypochondriac region:
- Liver and gallbladder - Epigastric region
- Stomach - Left hypochondriac region
- Diaphragm and Spleen - Right lumbar region
-Ascending Colon of large
intestine - Umbilical region
- Small intestine - Left lumber region
-Transverse colon of
large intestine - Right Iliac (inguinal) region
- Cecum and Appendix - Hypogastric region
- Urinary bladder - Left iliac (inguinal) region
-Initial part of sigmoid
colon
