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A&P 1 > A&P Ch 1 > Flashcards

A&P Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of Anatomy?

A
  1. Gross or macroscopic anatomy
  2. Microscopic anatomy
  3. Developmental Anatomy
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3
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?

A

Regional Anatomy

System Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

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4
Q

what is regional anatomy?

A

looks at all structures in a particular area.

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5
Q

what is system anatomy?

A

looks at just one system (cardiovascular).

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6
Q

what is surface anatomy?

A

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (veins).

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7
Q

what subdivisions are within Microscopic Anatomy?

A

cytology and histology

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8
Q

what is cytology?

A

the study of cells

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9
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of tissue

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10
Q

what is a subdivision of developmental anatomy?

A

embryology

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11
Q

what is embryology?

A

studies the developments before birth.

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12
Q

what is physiology?

A

study of the function of body parts and how they work to carry out life.

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13
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of physiology?

A

organ systems

cellular or molecular level

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14
Q

what happens at the cellular or molecular level within physiology?

A

How the body’s ability are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)

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15
Q

what is the principle of complimentary?

A

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable, where functions always reflect a structure and what structures can do depends on its specific form

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16
Q

what are the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body : in order

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
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17
Q

what happens at the chemical level?

A

atoms are the tiny building blocks of matter; combine to form molecules such as water and protein. Molecules in turn, associate in specific ways to organelles, which is a basic component to our next level.

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18
Q

what happens at the cellular level?

A

made up of molecules and vary in size and shape.

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19
Q

what happens at the tissue level?

A

made up of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

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20
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

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21
Q

explain epithelium tissue

A

this tissue type covers the body surface and lines its cavities.

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22
Q

explain muscle tissue

A

this tissue level provides movement

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23
Q

explain connective tissue

A

this tissue level supports and protects body organs

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24
Q

explain nervous tissue

A

this tissue level provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.

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25
Q

what happens at the organ level?

A

this is where complex functions are made possible. An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least 2 tissue types and performs a specific function for the body.

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26
Q

what happens at the organ system level?

A

at this level organs work together to accomplish a common purpose to make up an organ system.

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27
Q

what happens at the organismal level?

A

this is the highest level and represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

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28
Q

List the 11 organ systems of the body

A

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System//Immunity

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Male and Female Reproductive System

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29
Q

what are the components and function of the Integumentary System

A

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury.

Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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30
Q

what are the components and function of the Skeletal System

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement.

Blood cells are formed within bones and bones store minerals.

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31
Q

what are the components and function of the Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.

Maintains posture, and produces heat.

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32
Q

what are the components and function of the Nervous System

A

Fast acting control system of the body.

It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

33
Q

what are the components and function of the Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

34
Q

what are the components and function of the Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

The heart pumps blood.

35
Q

what are the components and function of the Lymphatic System//Immunity

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.

Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

36
Q

what are the components and function of the Respiratory System

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

This gas exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

37
Q

what are the components and function of the Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enters the blood for distribution to body cells.

Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminates as feces.

38
Q

what are the components and function of the Urinary System

A

Eliminates nitrogenous waste form the body and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-based balance of the blood.

39
Q

what are the components and function of the Male and Female Reproductive System

A

Overall function is to produce offspring.

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female.

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone.

The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands in breasts produce milk.

40
Q

List the 8 functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans and describe them

A

Maintaining boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

41
Q

how does the body maintain boundaries?

A

o Separation between internal and external environments must exist

o Plasma membranes separate cells

o Skin separates organism from environment

42
Q

how does the body maintain movement?

A

Muscular system allows movement, Of body parts via skeletal muscles, Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)

Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level

43
Q

how does the body maintain responsiveness?

A

o Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

o Withdrawal reflex prevents injury

o Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

44
Q

how does the body maintain digestion?

A

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

45
Q

how does the body maintain metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

46
Q

how does the body maintain excretion?

A

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)

47
Q

how does the body maintain reproduction?

A

o At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair

o At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring

48
Q

List the 6 survival needs of the body.

A

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Normal Body Temp

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

49
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Carbohydrates: major source of energy

Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry

Fats: long-term energy storage

Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

50
Q

Oxygen

A

Essential for release of energy from foods

The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen

51
Q

Water

A

Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions

52
Q

Normal Body Temp

A

If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected

53
Q

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

54
Q

Define homeostasis and explain its significance.

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

A dynamic state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed

Maintained by contributions of all organ systems (mainly the endocrine and nervous systems)

55
Q

Describe Negative Feedback

A

Negative feedback reduces or shuts off an original stimulus; examples of this include regulating body temperature and blood glucose levels by using insulin.

56
Q

Describe Positive Feedback

A

Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus, an example of this is labor contractions and platelet plug formation and blood clotting.

57
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

Standard anatomical position is body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body.

58
Q

Dorsal/Posterior

A

Back/Behind

59
Q

Ventral/ Anterior

A

Front

60
Q

Superior/Cranial

A

Above

61
Q

Inferior/Caudal

A

Below

62
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline of body: Inner Side

63
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline of body: Outer Side

64
Q

Superficial

A

External

65
Q

Deep

A

Internal

66
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to origin of body

67
Q

Distal

A

Further from origin of body

68
Q

List and define the two regions of the body

A

Axial: main axis of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular: consists of the limbs which are attached to the body axis

69
Q

List and describe body planes

A 
Sagittal: vertically divides the body into right and left parts
•	Median plane lies exactly 
        in the midline
•	Parasagittal planes are 
        offset from the midline

Frontal: lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts, this is also called the coronal plane.

Transverse: runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts, can also be called cross section.

Oblique Sections: cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes.

70
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

71
Q

What sub cavities are within the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial Cavity: holds brain

Vertebral Cavity: holds spinal cord

72
Q

What sub cavities are within the Ventral Body Cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity: contains lungs, heart, esophagus, and trachea

Abdominopelvic Cavity/ Peritoneum: contains liver, stomach, spleen, intestines, bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

73
Q

what cavities are within the Thoracic Cavity?

A

Two Pleural Cavities/ Pleurae: holds lungs

Mediastinum: holds pericardial cavity that holds the esophagus and trachea

Pericardial Cavity/ Pericardium : holds heart

74
Q

what cavities are within the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

A

Abdominal Cavity: holds stomach, liver, spleen, intestines,

Pelvic Cavity: holds bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

75
Q

Serose

A

is a thin double –layer membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity.

Double layers are separated with serous fluid secreted by both membranes

76
Q

Parietal serosa

A

lines the internal body cavity walls

77
Q

Visceral serose

A

covers internal organs

78
Q

nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the organs they contain.

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region:
    - Liver and gallbladder
  2. Epigastric region
    - Stomach
  3. Left hypochondriac region
    - Diaphragm and Spleen
  4. Right lumbar region
    -Ascending Colon of large
    intestine
  5. Umbilical region
    - Small intestine
  6. Left lumber region
    -Transverse colon of
    large intestine
  7. Right Iliac (inguinal) region
    - Cecum and Appendix
  8. Hypogastric region
    - Urinary bladder
  9. Left iliac (inguinal) region
    -Initial part of sigmoid
    colon

A&P 1 (2 decks)

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