A&P Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Ventolin
Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and marketed as Ventolin, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs.
It is used to treat asthma, including asthma attacks, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thiazide
Thiazides are used to relieve oedema due to chronic heart failure and, in lower doses, to reduce blood pressure.
Seretide Accuhaler
Breath-actuated dry powder inhalers. Regular treatment of asthma where long acting β2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid is appropriate.
Ischaemic changes in the brain
Brain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction / ischemic stroke.
Thrombosis
the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. The clot may block the blood vessel and prevent or reduce the flow of blood, which can cause serious health consequences.
Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy
a treatment for stroke that removes clots that block large blood vessels. Some patients may be candidates for this procedure using an angiogram or a catheterization and a device that grabs clots and removes them, to re-establish blood flow to the brain.
Infarction
obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue
Stroke
a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both result in parts of the brain not functioning properly.
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs)
mini-strokes, happen when there is a brief reduction in blood supply to part of the brain causing symptoms, such as temporary speech loss. A single occurrence doesn’t cause permanent damage to your brain and the symptoms usually pass within 24 hours. A person may have several TIAs over time, which means different parts of the brain can be affected
Broadmann areas
Originally defined and numbered into 52 regions
Brodmann Areas 1, 2, 3
Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) localization of touch, temperature, vibration, pain skilled and coordinated orofacial movement (i.e. whistling) (agraphesthesia, asterognosia, loss of vibration, proprioception and fine touch)
Brodmann Area 4
Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) It is responsible for executing motor movements, which includes contralateral finger/hand/wrist or orofacial movements, learned motor sequences, breathing control, and voluntary blinking. (paralysis of the contralateral side of the body, including facial palsy, arm or leg monoparesis, and hemiparesis.)
Brodmann Area 5
Somatosensory association cortex Processing chaotic patterns, using spatial imagery in deductive reasoning, motor execution, bimanual manipulation, working memory, language processing, pain perception, tactile localization, saccadic eye movement (ideomotor apraxia, which is the loss of ability to produce purposeful, skilled movements as a result of brain pathology, Astereognosis is also possible, which would lead to loss of ability to recognize objects by feeling or handling them.)
Brodmann Area 6
Premotor and supplementary motor cortex - this region is critical for the sensory guidance of movement and control of proximal and trunk muscles, and contributes to the planning of complex and coordinated motor movements. This area plays a large role in motor, language, and memory functions (result in kinetic apraxia (which would appear as coarse or unrefined movements that no longer have the appearance of being practiced over time)
Brodmann Area 9
Dorsolateral/anterior prefrontal cortex (motor planning, and organization) - This region is the highest cortical area responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation, and sustaining attention and working memory. (problems with affect, social judgement, executive memory, abstract thinking, and intentionality.)
Brodmann Area 10
Anterior prefrontal cortex (memory retrieval) - involved in strategic processes of memory retrieval and executive functions (similar issues to area 9)
Brodmann Area 17
Primary visual cortex - the visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe in the back of the brain, and contains a well-defined map of the spatial information required for vision. (partial or complete cortical blindness can result)
Brodmann Area 22
Primary auditory cortex - Primary auditory cortex / Superior Temporal Gyrus (part of Wernicke’s area) – this region is situated close to the external ear and involves complex language and auditory processing. (difficulty finding words, prosopagnosia (the acquired inability to recognize faces), disturbances in drawing)
Brodmann Area 44, 45
Broca’s area (motor speech programming), (cause Broca’s aphasia: a deficit in the ability to speak and produce the proper words/sounds, even though the afflicted person maintains the ability to comprehend language and to mentally formulate proper sentences)
