A&P - Biochemistry Flashcards
4 elements that make up 96% of our body weight
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
Atomic number
Number of protons.
Atomic mass
Some of the masses of all of an elect’s protons and neutrons.
Half-life
Is the amount of time for half of the atoms to disintegrate.
How many bonds to H, O, N, and C form?
H forms 1
O forms 2
N forms 3
C forms 4
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Give charge and state if it has weight
Proton - positive charge, small mass
Neutron - neutral charge, same mass as proton
Electron - negative charge, no mass
Cation
Positively charged ion.
Anion
Negatively charged ion.
Shell 1 can hold a max of how many electrons?
2
Octet rule
All other shells hold a max of 8 electrons.
3 types of bonds
Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
Ionic bond
A bond that is formed by gaining or losing electrons.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons.
Hydrogen bond
From between water molecules as well as between other strongly polar molecules.
Responsible for the high surface tension of water.
Responsible for the 3D shape of proteins and DNA.
Exists between negatively charged oxygen and positively charged hydrogen.
Electrolytes
Acids, bases, salts
Acids
Yield hydrogen ions and are proton donors.
Bases
Absorb hydrogen ions and are proton acceptors.
Acids and bases _____ each other.
neutralize
Buffers
Resist large fluctuations in pH.
Strong acids completely _________ in water.
dissociate
pH
acid
pH > 7
base
pH = 7
distilled water
Organic compounds
Carbon containing compounds that have C-C or C-H bonds.
4 kinds of organic compounds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Pathogen
An infectious organism that causes diseases.
Carbohydrates
This group of molecules includes sugars and starches.
All carbohydrates contain ______, _________, and _______ in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Major function of carbohydrates.
To provide energy for cellular work.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars with 5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbons in a single ring structure.
Examples of 6 carbon sugars. (3)
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Examples of 5 carbon sugars. (2)
Deoxyribose and ribose.
Disaccharides
Formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis.
Important disaccharides. (3)
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose.
Where is glycogen stored?
In the liver and in the skeletal muscle tissue.
Which two monosaccharides combine through dehydration synthesis to form sucrose?
Glucose + fructose
Which two monosaccharides combine through dehydration synthesis to form maltose?
Glucose + glucose
Which two monosaccharides combine through dehydration synthesis to form lactose?
Galactose + glucose
Cellulose
Non-digestive plant starch.
Hydrolysis
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules in a process called hydrolysis, literally to “break with water.”
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Types of lipids. (3)
Neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Called fats when solid at room temperature and oils when liquid at room temperature. They are used for energy storage and pad and protect organs.
Triglycerides are made up of ________ and __________________.
glycerol and three fatty acids.
Saturated (solid)
Made of all single carbon bonds.
Unsaturated (liquid)
Has of one or more Carbon double bonds.
Phospholipids have a ________ head and a _________ tail.
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
Steroids
Are all made from cholesterol.
Which gland manufactures important hormones?
Adrenal
Aldosterone
Regulates water and salt balance in the body. Makes kidney reabsorb water and salt from urine.
Cortisol
Regulates body in times of stress.
Which organic molecules are the most readily and used source of cellular fuel?
Carbohydrates
Sucrose is classified as a __________.
disaccharide
Glucose is classified as a ______________.
monosaccharide
A chemical reaction in which two smaller molecule unite to form a larger molecule (with the loss of water) is called _______ __________.
dehydration synthesis
A solution with a pH of 3 is considered ________ (acidic, alkaline).
acidic
The molecules important in cell membranes include __________ and ___________.
phospholipids and cholesterol.
