A&P Flashcards
During male ejaculation the pathway for the sperm includes:
1) Vasdeferens
2) Ejaculatory duct
3) Urethra
Along the male ejaculatory pathway are what?
Glands that produce the transport medium or semen. These include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Testicular activity is under the control of what?
Two anterior pituitary hormones. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) regulates sperm production. ICSH (Interstitial Cell-Simulating Hormone) or LH stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
Vitamin K is created in the:
Intestinal tract. The intestinal tract contains bacteria that synthesize vitamin K that can be used throughout our body.
A medical scientist wants to study the parenchyma of the kidney. This scientist would correctly be known, most specifically, as a: A biologist. B doctor. C anatomist. D histologist
histologist.
Where biology focuses on life, in general, histology is the study of tissues. Because it is not clear whether the scientist has a degree, doctor may not be appropriate. An anatomist would be studying the structure of the body in general, and not specifically tissues of the kidney.
In which part of the body is keratin NOT found?
A Hair
B Skin
C Nails
D Teeth
Teeth.
Keratin is a family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the key structural component of hair, nails, and the outer layer of human skin.
A person who has torn their vastus lateralis muscle will need which of the following?
The vastus lateralis muscle is a voluntary muscle in the legs. It is a part of the quadriceps. This person will most likely need a cane or crutches to assist in walking.
Humans can survive most easily without which of the following? A Pancreas. B Lungs. C Gallbladder. D Bladder.
Gallbladder.
The gallbladder’s function is to store bile, but the GI tract is more than capable of producing bile to digest fat without it. (However you must limit the amounts of fat you intake at a time).
Functions of cortisol
1) Reducing inflammation
2) Raising the blood sugar level.
3) Inhibiting the release of histamine.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a substance that performs which of the following?
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) acts as a secondary messenger that remains at the cell surface. (It is made by adenylate cyclase).
The soleus muscle is located in which general area?
The soleus muscle is located in the lower half of each leg
Deflections of the EKG represent which of the following?
Deflections and patterns of the EKG represent the electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
What is the purpose of the mastication of food?
Increasing the food’s surface area promotes easier digestion by letting enzymes get to every portion of it.
What happens to women each month under the influence of a certain hormone?
Under the influence of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), several eggs ripen within the ovarian follicles in the ovary. The ESTROGEN produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.
Which of the below is the best definition for the term circulation?
- The process of breathing in
- The transport of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system
- The force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls
- The branching air passageways inside the lungs
Circulation is transporting oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system.
How many organ systems are there in the human body?
11
Which organ system includes the spleen?
The lymphatic system includes the spleen.
This enzyme begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
In the mouth, the saliva begins to break down carbohydrates using salivary amylase. Lipase is important for the digestion of fats and this occurs in the duodenum of the small intestine. Proteases break down proteins and this process begins in the stomach. Nucleases breakdown nucleic acids, but this does not begin in the mouth.
During exhalation, the diaphragm does which of the following?
During exhalation, the air pressure in the lungs must increase greater than atmospheric pressure, to force the air out. To do this, the diaphragm must relax and lift. Inhalation involves the diaphragm contracting and lowering to allow for more volume in the lungs for air to enter. The only answer option that corresponds with the relaxing and lifting movement of the diaphragm during exhalation is answer option [A].
Electrical impulses called “action potentials” move along the axon of a neuron by _______________?
The axon is covered in myelin sheath leaving small bare intermittently spaced regions referred to as the Nodes of Ranvier. The action potential, which is an electrical signal, spreads down the axon toward the axon terminal by jumping from one node to the next. This movement is called salutatory conduction. Elongation, repolarization, and chemical messaging are not appropriate answers for this question. Therefore, the correct answer is [D].
Body cavities include:
- DIAPHRAGM: Separates the thoracic and pelvic region
- Pelvic = lower abdomen (bladder, reproductive organs)
- Dorsal = back side
- Ventral = front side
- Thoracic = chest (heart, trachea, lungs..)
- Abdomen = stomach area (spleen, intestines)
Membranes
- Serous Membrane - two layers, covers organsOuter layer = parietal
Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) - Serous fluid – lubricating fluid
- Other Membranes
Pleura = lungs
Pericardium = heart
Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)
The inner region of membrane that covers and surrounds the lungs is the:
visceral pleura
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles w/in the cell
Function= transport system
-Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis
-Rough ER: Contains ribosomes for protein manufacture
Mitochondria
- Powerhouse of cell
- Chemical energy from food is converted to a useable form ATP. Process is called cellular respiration
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes to break down substances “suicide sac”
- Enzymes break down substances in the cell
What happens to women each month under the influence of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?
Several eggs ripen within the ovarian follicles in the ovary. The estrogen produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.
At approximately day 14 of the women’s cycle what happens?
A surge of LH is released from the pituitary gland, this stimulates ovulation and the conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum.
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Secretes the hormones progesterone and estrogen, which further stimulates development of the endometrium.
- If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum remains functional.
- If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and menstruation begins
What does the parathyroid hormone regulate?
Calcium
Where are the pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors (specialized sensory nerves that assist with the regulation of circulation and respiration) located?
Carotid body
The kidneys produce what type of hormone when the blood pressure drops?
The kidneys make three types of hormones which helps produce calcium, maintains the blood pressure and maintains the amount of blood. Renin is the hormone that the kidneys make when the blood pressure drops or the blood volume drops.
What is the nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
Urea Nitrogenous waste creates urea. Uric acid is also excreted by kidneys and comes from nucleic acid.
A 16-year old male is in the office with an injured ankle. The Medical Assistant knows that a common disorder that involves overstretching of the ligament is:
A sprain is overstretching a ligament. Tendonitis is inflammation of the tendon. Atrophy is wasting of muscle, often resulting from nonuse. Strain is overstretching of the muscle.
What process bends the light as it passes from the cornea and lens?
The correct answer is refraction. The lens allows individuals to see an image. Light, as it passes through the cornea and the lens, is bent. This process is identified as refracted.
Swelling of the tissues is prevented through functions of the
The lymphatic system takes the fluid found in the tissues and deposits it in the blood. By doing this, the lymphatic system works to keep the tissues balanced with the right amount of fluid and blood. This helps keep the tissues from swelling. If the tissues have too much fluid or blood, the tissues will swell.
A common disease of the ear that results in partial deafness from bone growth involving the ossicles and that may require surgery is:
The Correct answer is:
otosclerosis
Tinnitus is the term for ringing in the ears and it is a disorder, not a disease. Vertigo is the term for dizziness and it is a disorder, not a disease. Meniere’s disease involves a chronic disturbance in the labyrinth resulting in loss of equilibrium, deafness and dizziness. This disease is palliative and does not require surgery.
Which vessels do NOT carry blood away from the heart?
superior vena cava
The aorta, pulmonary artery, and carotid artery all carry blood away from the heart. The superior vena cava is a vein that carries blood back to the heart from the upper body.
You are assisting with a pap smear and pelvic examination. The nurse practitioner describes a lesion on the labia majora. The Medical Assistant understands that this is:
pubis.
The Correct answer is:
the large folds that covers the vaginal opening
The two large folds that cover the vaginal opening are the labia majora. They extend from the mons pubis to the perineum. The labia minora are the two small folds of skin inside the labia majora. The small nodule of erectile tissue that is located in the superior junction of the labia majora is the clitoris. The soft pad over the symphysis pubis is the mons pubis.
Which of the following tissues supports and connects other tissues and structures in the body?
connective tissue
The four types of connective tissue are soft (adipose and areolar), fibrous (tendons, ligaments, capsules, and fascia), hard (cartilage and bone) and liquid (blood and lymph). Epithelial tissue forms the outer surface of the body and lines cavities and major tubes and passageways. Muscle tissue produces movement , both voluntary and involuntary, and nerve tissue is composed of neurons and provides networks to carry impulses.
What is the possible reason for a low amount of platelets?
Correct answer: Hemophilia Low platelet levels is called thrombocytopenia. It is caused by different conditions such as hemophilia. The liver not being able to create platelets is another reason for thrombocytopenia.
An individual who has a strain in the muscle will most likely have a
The correct answer is tear in the muscle. A strain results in the tear in the muscle. A break in the bone is a stress fracture, which makes this an incorrect answer choice. Then, a break in the ligament as well as tear in the tendon represents a sprain.
Which organ is secondarily retroperitoneal?
Correct answer: Duodenum Secondarily retroperitoneal organs are organs that shift posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis. The duodenum is secondarily retroperitoneal.
A type of supporting connective tissue is known as
The correct answer is osseous tissue. Osseous tissue, which is also called bone, is a type of connective tissue. Connective tissue lines the organs and structures of the body and connects them to other structures in the body. Additional examples of connective tissue are skin, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons.
Bones are developed through a process known as
The correct answer is ossification. Bones are developed through ossification. Ossification starts during the growth of an embryo and continues until the age of approximately 25.
What drains lymph from the lower abdominal wall, legs, and the organs of the pelvis?
Correct answer: Lumbar trunk All of the answers are types of lymphatic trunks. Lymphatic trunks drain lymph from large areas of the body. The Lumbar trunk drains lymph from the lower abdominal wall, legs, and the organs of the pelvis.
Where in the human body do T cells mature?
The correct answer is:
thymus gland.
Organs of the lymphatic system include the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. The thymus gland is found near the sternum and is the site where the T cells (thymus-dependent) develop.
The Medical Assistant knows that symptoms of insulin shock are:
The Correct answer is:
diaphoresis, confusion, and a decreased blood sugar reading
Symptoms of insulin shock or low blood sugar are sudden and include diaphoresis, tremulousness, hunger, confusion, and tachycardia. Hyperglycemia or diabetic coma comes on slowly and symptoms are lethargy, thirst, rapid and weak pulse, and a fruity breath odor.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has had excessive uterine bleeding during the first hour following delivery. You recognize that postpartum hemorrhage is more common in all but which of the following cases? high parity vaginal delivery placenta previa abruptio placentae
Correct Answer:
vaginal delivery
One of the predisposing factors for postpartum hemorrhage is operative delivery (not vaginal delivery), i.e., cesarean or forceps delivery or with intrauterine manipulation. Other predisposing factors are: high parity, dystocia, prolonged labor, overdisstention of the uterus, abruptio placentae, previous history of postpartum hemorrhage, infection and placenta previa.
You are caring for a patient with myasthenia gravis. When you see this patient you can expect all but which of the following?
Correct Answer:
exophthalmos
Myasthenia gravis is a disorder that affects the neuromuscular transmission of impulses in the voluntary muscles of the body. A person suffering from myasthenia gravis can be expected to have ptosis (eyelid drooping), diplopia (double vision), a masklike effect (sleepy appearance due to facial muscle involvement) and weakness of the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles among other things.
The sensations of pain are classified as two types. Which of the following identifies a type of pain?
The correct answer is fast. Pain receptors in the body are identified as slow pain and fast pain. The pain receptors are triggered when its free nerve endings senses pain.
Which of the following is true of the urinary system?
The Correct answer is:
It regulates the acid-base balance (pH) of the body.
The urinary system eliminates metabolic waste, maintains appropriate levels of water, regulates the acid-base balance known as pH, regulates blood pressure, and regulates red blood cell production. It involves four organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Disorders such as gastritis and peptic ulcers affect the gastrointestinal system. Storage of sugar as glycogen occurs in the liver.
Of the cranial nerves, which one is concerned with taste and the control of facial expression?
The Correct answer is:
Facial or CN VII
The cranial nerves are numbered with Roman numerals I (one) through XII (twelve). They are in order:
I Olfactory - carries impulses for smell
II Optic - carries impulses for sight
III Oculomotor - controls eye movement
IV Trochlear - controls eye movement
V Trigeminal - carries sensation from the eye, upper and lower jaw and responsible for movement of the jaw
VI Abducens - carries taste, controls salivary and tear glands, and controls facial expression
VII Facial - carries taste, and controls facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear - carries hearing and controls equilibrium
IX Glossopharyngeal - carries taste, controls swallowing and gag
X Vagus - controls voice box, throat, and digestive juices
XI Spinal Accessory - controls muscles in neck and larynx
XII Hypoglossal - controls muscles of tongue
what part of the skeleton is known as the breastbone?
The correct answer is sternum. The sternum is a bone that is located in thoracic wall. The sternum is also known as the breastbone. In addition, the sternum has three sections, which are the manubrium, the body and the xiphoid process.
A hormone that is made from fatty acids is known as
olesterol.
The correct answer is prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are lipid based hormones that are made from fatty acids. Lipid based hormones also include steroid hormones which are made from molecules of cholesterol.
the respiratory centers are located in what part of the brain?
The correct answer is pons. The respiratory centers that are responsible for breathing are found in two areas of the brain, the pons and medulla oblongata. The respiratory centers have three nuclei in these areas.
What structure attaches the muscles to the bones?
The correct answer is tendons. The skeletal muscles are made of connective tissue that helps to bind the muscles to other organs. Also, the skeletal muscles have tendons at each end, which connects the muscles to the bones.
The muscle insertion moves toward the origin when contracted
The muscle insertion moves toward the origin when contracted
The origin and insertion are the points muscles attach to bones The origin is fixed and the insertion moves.
Which of the following is an organ located in the upper left region of the abdomen under the diaphragm and has the function of cleansing the blood and destroying old red blood cells?
Correct Answer:
spleen
The spleen is a major organ or the lymphatic system. The liver is the largest gland in the body and it produces bile, detoxifies the blood, and aids metabolism. It is in the right upper region of the abdomen. The thymus is a gland that produces thymosin and is considered part of the endocrine and lymphatic systems. The pancreas is an endocrine gland that is located behind the stomach and is an accessory digestive organ. It is in the right upper region of the abdomen.
The spleen has red pulp and white pulp. The white pulp has
The correct answer is lymphocytes. The spleen is made up of pulp containing blood or lymphocytes. The pulp is divided into two classifications, red pulp and white pulp. The red pulp has the most concentration of blood whereas the white pulp has lymphocytes.
You have a postoperative patient who has developed a urinary tract infection. Which of the following nursing interventions would NOT be associated with caring for this patient’s UTI?
Correct answer:
emptying bladder every hour
Urinary tract infections often occur 5 – 8 days postoperatively. Nursing interventions would include increasing oral fluid intake, monitoring intake and output, avoiding catheterization if possible and emptying the bladder every 4 – 6 hours.
What part of the eye is the anterior transparent cover of the sclera that focuses light rays?
The Correct answer is:
the cornea
The iris is the colored portion of the eye that regulate amount of light entering the eye. The pupil is the hole in the middle of the iris. The choroid is the middle layer of the eye between sclera and retina.
Nutrients are primarily absorbed in which part of the intestine?
Correct Answer:
Jejunum.
The jejunum, ileum, and duodenum are all parts of the small intestine. The jejunum is the area of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
Lymph, which is similar to blood, has less
The correct answer is protein concentration. Lymph is the fluid that was once in the capillaries pushed into the lymphatic vessels. Lymph looks like blood. However, lymph does not have as high of a concentration of protein as the blood plasma does.
Which muscle abducts the thigh and is located from the ilium to the greater tochanter?
Gluteus medius
The gluteus maximus muscle is located from where and does what?
From the posterior iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx to the gluteal tubersoity; it extends the hip and thigh
The sartorius muscle is located where and does what?
Located from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial tibia; it flexes the leg at the knee and laterally rotates the thigh
The gracilis muscle is located where and does what?
Located from the inferior ramus of the pubis to the medial condyle of the tibia; it adducts the thigh at the hip
The carotid artery is one of the major arteries that takes blood to which of the following?
Brain
The iliac artery takes blood to the?
Lower limbs
The thoracic artery takes blood to the
Thorax
