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ENT > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

External ear components?

A
  • pinna, EAC, TM
  • helix: outer rim of tissue and cartilage that forms C and ends at ear lobe
  • external auditory meatus is opening that leads into external EAC
  • the canal has glands that secrete cerumen
  • at end of canal is TM, a thin dividing wall b/t external and middle ear
  • mastoid process: bony projection of temporal bone that lies just behind the external ear and contains tiny cavities filled with air
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2
Q

Middle ear components?

A
  • eustachian tube, tympanic cavity and its contents like ossicle muscles, ligaments, mucosal folds
  • 3 tiny bones:
    malleus, incus and stapes
  • connected to nasopharynx by eustachian tube
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3
Q

Inner ear components?

A
  • 3 fluid filled structures:
    vestibule
    semicircular canals
    cochlea
  • vestibule is entrance area to inner ear
  • on end of vestibule becomes 3 semicircular canals
  • the other end of vestibule becomes coiled cochlea
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4
Q

Blood supply to ear?

A
  • 2 branches of external carotid artery: posterior auricular artery and superficial temporal artery
  • accompanying veins drain into internal jugular vein by either facial or external jugular veins
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5
Q

Nerve supply to the ear?

A
  • external: auriculo-temporal branch of trigeminal nerve, greater auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve and auricular branch (arnold’s branch) of vagus nerve
  • middle ear: chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus nerve
  • inner ear: facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
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6
Q

lymphatic drainage of the ear?

A
  • pre auricular lymph node (anteriorly)
  • post auricular lymph node (posteriorly)
  • infra auricular lymph node inferiorly
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7
Q

2 fxns of ear?

A
  • hearing and balance
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8
Q

External ear’s fxn in hearing?

A
  • pinna/aurical: concave structure that collects and directs sound waves traveling in ear canal
  • ear canal: 1.25 in long, inner 2/3 ear canal embedded in temporal bone, outer 1/3 is cartilage.
    Ear canal resonates sound waves and increases loudness of tones in 3000-4000 hz range
  • maintains proper conditions of temp and humidity to preserve elasticity of TM
  • contains glands that produce wax and contains tiny hairs which provides added protection against insects of foreign particles from damaging TM
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9
Q

Middle ear’s fxn in hearing?

A
  • composed of TM and cavity which houses ossicular chain
  • TM: divides external and middle ear, very sensitive to sound waves and vibrates back and forth as sound waves strike it
  • middle ear cavity: located in mastoid process of temporal bone, extends from TM to inner ear, cavity is an extension of nasopharynx via eustachian tube
  • ossicular cahin: helps connect and transmit sound from middle to inner ear, consists of malleus, incus and stapes
  • malleus: attached to TM
  • incus: lies in middle b/t malleus and stapes
  • stapes: footplate inserts into oval window of inner ear
  • 2 tiny muscles that attach ossicles: stapedius and tensor tympanic
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10
Q

Fxns of ET (eustachian tube)?

A
  • air exchange: keeping air pressure on both sides of TM equal
  • excretory: drainage for middle ear
  • defense: helps in preventing infection
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11
Q

Fxns of inner ear in hearing?

A
  • composed of cochlea (hearing) and vestibular system (balance)
  • both systems have separate fxns but are housed in same area and share same fluid
  • cochlea: spiral shaped, composed of 3 fluid chambers, 2 outer chambers filled with perilymph fluid and 3rd chamber in center secretes endolymph, this area is called cochlear duct
  • cochlear duct contains basilar membrane which lies organ of corti
  • the pitch of the impulses relayed depends on which area of basilar membrane or which portion of organ of corti is stimulated
  • apical portion (most curled) transfers lower frequencies and basal end relays higher frequencies
  • CN 8 carries impulses to temporal lobe of brain to be interpreted
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12
Q

Inner ear’s fxn in balance? 3 components?

A
  • vestibular system:
    composed of 3 semi-circular canals, helps to maintain balance regardless of head position or gravity in conjunction with eye and somatosensory input
  • 3 components:
    3 semi-circular canals, utricle, saccule
  • semicircular canals: located at right angles to eachother and to those on opposite of the head, inside each fluid filled canal is sensory receptor (cupula) attached at its base
  • head moves, fluid within canals stimulate the cupula and sends impulses to brain about direction and movement
  • the utricle and saccule work in similar ways
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13
Q

Fxn of nose?

A
  • part of resp tract and assists in sense of smell, conditions the air by filtering, warming, moistening, and cleans itself of fbs
  • ID of odors
  • passageway for inspired and expired air
  • humidification, filtration, and warmth of inspired air
  • resonance of laryngeal sound
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14
Q

Makeup of external nose?

A
  • made of bone and cartilage covered with skin
  • upper bony part bridge
  • rounded lower boarders called ala nasi
  • anterior naris are divided by columella
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15
Q

Components of nasal cavity?

A
  • nares serve as entryway which open posteriorly to nasopharynx
  • walls of nasal cavity:
    roof - divided into frontonasal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal
    floor - consists of palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palantine bone
    medial- nasal septum, ethmoid bone, vomer, nasal crest of maxillary and palatine bone
    lateral - hallmarked by 3 nasal conchae, which divide nasal cavity into 4 passages that have openings to paranasal sinuses
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16
Q

The sinuses?

A
  • air filled cavities lined with mucosal membrane with small openings into nasal cavity
  • 4 sinuses: maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoid
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17
Q

Nerve supply of nose?

A
  • infratrochlear and external nasal branches of ophthalmic nerve, infraorbital branch of maxillary nerve (both part of CN 5)
  • olfactory nerves pass through cribiform plate
  • sensory innervation of nasal cavity from ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve
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18
Q

Blood supply of nose?

A
  • branches of ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
  • ala and septum by facial artery
  • walls of nasal cavity, branches of maxillary artery
  • sphenopalatine artery which anastomoses with branch of superior labial artery
  • kiesselbach area: most common area for nose bleeds
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19
Q

lymph drainage of nose?

A
  • from nasal cavity into submandibular lymph nodes and vessels drain into upper deep cervical lymph nodes
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20
Q

How does the nose fxn in protection?

A
  • internal nose is covered by vascular mucous membrane that is lined with cilia and mucous secretions
  • mucous contains lysozymes
  • sneezing throws out particles from the nose
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21
Q

Fxn of olfaction?

A
  • distinguish b/t sweet, fruity, chemical, peppermint, musky, pungnt, and putrid
  • helps to ID food, sensual smells, and warnings of danger (chemicals and spoiled food)
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22
Q

Fxn of eustachian tube?

A
  • permits nose to equalize pressure of air b/t external atmosphere and middle era
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23
Q

Fxn of drainage of nose?

A
  • permits drainage of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
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24
Q

Physiology of olfaction? (long)

A
  • odorants are chemical compounds that are carried by inhaled air to olfactory epithelium, located in roof of 2 nasal cavities
  • olfactory region in humans is small, 50 mill primary sensory receptor cells
  • region consists of cilia projecting down through epithelium that is coated in layer of mucus
  • mucus produced by bowmans glands that are in olfactory epithelium
  • mucus helps transport odorants to olfactory receptors
  • each olfactory receptor neuron has 8-20 cilia
  • cilia is area where molecular reception with the odorant occurs and sensory transmission starts
  • mucus layer is base and consists of basal cells
  • olfactory neuron receptors turnover about q 40 days (only nerves that regenerate)
  • on opp side of epithelium neuronal cells from axons that are bundled in groups of 10-100 to penetrate ehmoid cribiform plate reaching olfactory bulb - at bulb neurons converge to terminate with post-synaptic cells to form synaptic structures called glomeruli
  • these converge into mitral cells
  • from mitral cells response increases the sensitivity of olfactory signal to higher levels of CNS in corticomedial amygdala portion of brain
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25
Q

Oral cavity fxn?

A
  • begin process of digestion
  • chews food and mixes it with saliva
  • taste buds on tongue provide sensaton of taste
  • impt role in speech
  • also used for: breathing, drinking, facial expressions, social interactions
26
Q

3 major salivary glands?

A
  • parotids
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual glands
27
Q

parotid gland?

A
  • largest
  • located in front of ears
  • facial nerve runs through parotid, 5 branches lie within gland (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical)
  • stenson’s duct - oral cavity
28
Q

Submandibular gland?

A
  • medium size gland
  • located behind lower jaw, under chin and tongue
  • comes out into oral cavity through wharton’s duct
29
Q

Sublingual gland?

A
  • smallest
  • located deep in floor of mouth
  • enters mouth through small sublingual ducts
30
Q

3 parts of a tooth?

A
  • anatomic crown: portion of tooth covered by enamel
  • anatomic root: lower 2/3 of tooth
  • pulp cavity: houses dental pulp which includes nerves, arteries, veins and lymph channels
31
Q

Tongue anatomy?

A
  • situated on floor of mouth
  • attached by muscles to hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process and pharynx
  • impt for taste, mastication, swallowing and speech
  • numerous papillae: filiform (no taste buds), fungiform, vallate, and foliate
32
Q

What is a taste bud?

A
  • flask shaped with receptor cells and supporting cells
  • each receptor cell lives for 10 days, replaced from basal cell
  • receptor cells have microvilli
  • base of receptor cell in contact with afferent nerve endings
33
Q

Taste sensation?

A
  • substances must dissolve in saliva before they can stimulate taste receptors
  • 5 types of taste sensation:
    sweet - sugars, tip of tongue
    bitter: alkaloids, harmful, back of tongue
    salty: NaCl, front half of each side
    sour: acids, posterior half of each side
    umami: savory taste
34
Q

Muscles of tongue?

A
  • 8 muscles, 4 intrinsic and 4 extrinsic
35
Q

Blood supply of tongue?

A
  • lingual artery
  • sublingual
  • deep lingual
  • dorsal lingual
36
Q

Lymph drainage of mouth (tongue)?

A
  • deep cervical
  • submandibular
  • submental
37
Q

Nerve innervation of mouth (tongue)?

A

sensory:
anterior 2/3: lingual and chorda tympani
posterior 1/3: glossopharnygeal nerve

motor: CN 12 except palatoglossus (CN X)

38
Q

What is the pharynx? consists of what 3 areas?

A
  • pharynx is funnel shaped fibro-muscular tube that forms upper part of digestive and respiratory tracts
  • extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra
  • 3 areas:
    nasopharynx
    oropharynx
    laryngopharynx
39
Q

Location and components of nasopharynx?

A
  • opens at choana
  • extends from skull base superiorly to soft palate inferiorly
  • contains pharyngeal tonsils and eustachian tube
40
Q

Oropharynx components?

A
  • begins where oral cavity ends
  • base of tongue forms the floor
  • palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches from the lateral wall
  • soft palate forms the roof
41
Q

Larnygopharnyx components?

A
  • lies behind larynx

- walls are formed by thyroid cartilage and middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

42
Q

Muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • external layer: superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles
  • inner layer: palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
43
Q

Blood supply of pharnyx?

A
  • supplied by facial artery, given off the tonsilar branch
  • ascending pharyngeal artery
  • ascending palatine artery
  • dorsalis lingua artery
  • greater palatine artery
44
Q

nerve supply of pharynx?

lymphatic drainage?

A
  • maxillary nerve
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • vagus nerve
  • drains into deep cervical nodes
45
Q

Fxn of pharynx?

A
  • swallowing
  • breathing
  • speech
  • equalize pressure in middle ear
  • immunity
46
Q

What is the larynx?

A
  • voice box, part of respiratory system that holds the vocal cords
  • responsible for producing voice, swallowing, and breathing
  • air from lungs pass over stretched vocal cords and vibrations are modified by the tongue, palate, lips to produce speech
  • helps protect lower airway
47
Q

cartilage and bone components of larynx?

A 
- 3 large cartilages:
cricoid (located at inferior aspect of larynx), thyroid, epiglottis
- 3 smaller: 
arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
- hyoid bone aids in muscle attachment
48
Q

Thyroid cartilage?

A
  • largest of laryngeal cartilages
  • forms laryngeal prominence known as adam’s apple
  • v-shaped notch above prominence
49
Q

Epiglottis?

A
  • leaf shaped structure that moves down to form a lid over glottis
  • attached by stem to midline innner aspect of thyroid cartilage
  • protects from aspiration
50
Q

What are the vocal cords?

A
  • soft tissue that is the main vibratory component
  • compromised of epithelium and superficial propia
  • vocal ligaments (intermediate and deep laminae propria), and body (thyroarytenoid muscle)
  • glottis closes during sound production
51
Q

3 components of vocal cords that form speech?

A
  • voiced sound
  • resonance
  • articulation
52
Q

Voice mechanism?

A
  • composed of 3 subsystems
  • air pressure system
  • vibratory system
  • resonating system
53
Q

Muscles of the larynx?

A
  • cricothyroid muscles
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
  • transverse arytenoid muslces
  • thyroarytenoid muscles
54
Q

Nerve and blood supply of larynx?

A
  • nerves:
    superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal brach of vagus nerve
  • blood supply:
    superior laryngeal artery (orig from superior thyroid branch of external carotid artery)
    inferior laryngeal artery: originates from inferior thyroid branch of thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian)
55
Q

Hoarseness of voice is assoc with what?

A
  • lung cancer

- throat cancer

56
Q

Lymphatics of larynx?

A
  • above vocal cords:
    deep cervical lymph nodes
  • below vocal cords:
    upper tracheal lymph nodes
57
Q

Mandible anatomy?

A
  • begins as 2 bones and fuse at 2 years of life
58
Q

Zygomatic arch consists of what 3 bones?

A
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
  • temporal bone
  • arch serves as origin of masseter muscle
  • masseter muscle, temporalis muscle, and lateral/medial pterygoid muscle fxn to elevate the mandible to bite
59
Q

Neck anatomy?

A
  • midline anterior portion is prominence of thyroid cartilage
  • below thyroid is cricoid
  • b/t cricoid and suprasternal notch, trachea and isthmus to thyroid gland can be felt
  • cervical spine: C1-C7
  • blood supply: common carotids, external/internal jugular veins
60
Q

What makes up the anterior cervical triangle?

A
  • bounded by midline anteriorly
  • mandible superiorly
  • SCM inferolaterally
  • this triangle is subdivided into 4 small triangles, 2 bellies of digastric muscle superiorly, and superior belly of omohyoid muscle inferiorly
61
Q

Anterior cervical triangle is divided into what 4 small triangles?

A
  • 2 submandibular triangles
  • 2 carotid triangles
  • 3 muscular or omotracheal triangle
  • submental triangle
62
Q

Borders of posterior cervical triangle?

A
  • bounded by clavicle inferiorly
  • SCM anterosuperiorly
  • trapezius muscle posteriorly
  • inferior belly of omohyoid divides triangle into 2 triangles: 1 occipital and 2 supraclavicular

ENT (11 decks)

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