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Audiology > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Outer Ear

Auricle/Pinna

A

Helps localize sound

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2
Q

Outer Ear

External Auditory Canal/Meatus

A
  • Travels from pinna to tympanic membrane (ear drum)
  • Curved like an “s”
  • Special cells that secrete cerumen (ear wax)
  • Cerum lubricates & cleans canal
  • Protects ear from fungi, bacteria & small insects
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3
Q

Middle Ear = air-filled cavity

Ossicular Chain

A
  • Transmits sound efficiently with no distortion

- Amplifies sound by approx. 30 dB before transmitting it into the fluids of inner ear

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4
Q

3 bones in Ossicular Chain

A
  1. Malleus (hammer) - largest of 3. Touches the TM & Incus. Vibration of TM is transmitted to TM.
  2. Incus (anvil) - malleus & incus connected in tight joint = very little movement. Attached to stapes
  3. Stapes (stirrup) - attached to incus & oval window of cochlea which leads to inner ear.
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5
Q 
Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
A
  • Elastic, thin & cone-shaped
  • Vibrates in response to sound pressure (entire for low-freq, only portions for high-freq)
  • Sensitive. Easily ruptured by Q-tip, hairpin, explosions, sudden pressure changes.
  • Can heal. If ruptured then scar tissue reduces mobility -> hearing
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6
Q

Middle Ear

Muscles & Reflexes

A
  • Loud, damaging noises (75-95 dB) cause these muscles to contract = acoustic reflex
  • Decreases harmful sounds by 10 dB for only 3 min.
  • Both muscles work together or they don’t - reflex.
  • TTS (temporary threshold shift) - decrease in hearing, due to long exposure to hazardous noise (concerts)
  • Tinnitus - ringing in ear due to damaged cochlea or inner ear.
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7
Q

Tensor Tympani & Stapedius Muscle together…

A

Dampen vibrations of TM & Ossicular chain

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8
Q

Tensor Tympani

A
  • CN V Trigeminal
  • Tenses TM so vibrations are reduced
    “Contraction of muscle causes the TM to move medially & anteriorly”
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9
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A
  • Smallest muscle in body
  • CN VII Facial
  • Stiffens ossicular chain so vibrations are reduced
  • “Contraction causes the head to move posteriorly at the right angles to direction of ossicular chain”
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10
Q

Eustachian Tube

A
  • Connects middle ear to nasopharynx
  • Helps maintain equal air pressure within outside middle ear
  • Opened with: Tensor & Levator Veli Palatini
  • Reason for repeat ear infection or otitis media, esp. in infants
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11
Q

Inner Ear

Cochlea

A
  • Function: Hearing
  • Stapes pushes into oval window -> mech. vibrations of sound
  • 1.5 in. when stretched out & is filled with endolymph
  • Basilar Membrane = Floor of Cochlea
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12
Q

Tonotopic Organization

A
  • Low freq. stim the tip of the basilar membrane & high freq. stim. base of basilar membrane.
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13
Q

Inner Ear
Cochlea
Organ of Corti

A
  • “Bathed” in endolyph & contains cilia which respond to vibrations
  • Transforms mech. vibrations into electrical energy which can be read by CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
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14
Q

Inner Ear

Vestibular System

A
  • Balance = Ear’s primary function!
  • Related to movement, balance & body posture
  • Semicircular canals = equilibrium
  • Vestibular-Ocular Reflex = visual stabilization during active head movement
  • “Eyes & ears need to say the same thing or you get dizzy/sick”
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15
Q

How we hear

A
  • Longitudinal waves move TM which moves ossicular chain
  • Stapes pushes into oval window creating wavelike movement in perilymph
  • Reissner’s membrane moves vibrations into Organ of Corti & endolymph, then into basilar membrane
  • Mech. vibrations are turned into electrical energy, which can be read by CN VIII vestibulocochlear or it doesn’t work
  • Most aud. nerve fibers decussate at brainstem -> contralateral pathways allowing comparison of sound signals from both ears - localization & interpretation
  • Sound sent to primary auditory area in temp. lobe
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16
Q

VSLIM pathway names

A 
Ventral Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
Superior Olivary Complex
Lateral Lemniscus
Inferior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate
17
Q

VSLIM pathway

A
  • Aud. nerve carries signal to brainstem & synapses to cochlear nucleus
  • Aud. info split into at least two streams
  • Aud. nerve fibers go into ventral cochlear nucleus
  • Ventral Cochlear nucleus cells project to nuclei in medulla called superior olive.
  • Superior olive: compare minute diff. of timing & loudness to determine direction sound came from
  • Superior olive projects to inferior colliculus via lateral lemniscus
  • 2nd stream of info starts in dorsal cochlear nucleus to analyze quality of sound (bet vs. bat & debt)
18
Q

Carhart-Jerger Modified Hughson Westlake Procedure for Finding Threshold

A

Method for finding threshold
Golden Standard
Not done by SLPs

19
Q

Dr. Tice’s 5 Rules

A
  1. Normal
    ACT normal, BCT normal, don’t differ by 10 dB or more
  2. Conductive Dysfunction
    ACT normal, BCT normal, differ by 10 dB or more
  3. Conductive
    ACT not normal, BCT normal, BCT better by 10 dB or more
  4. Sensorineural
    ACT not normal, BCT not normal, don’t differ by 10 or more
  5. Mixed
    ACT not normal, BCT not normal, BCT better by 10 or more
20
Q

SPL (sound pressure level)

A

No clear definition, but poss. used to determine loudness

Normal speech = 50-70 dB SPL, Airplane = 100 dB SPL, Painful = 140+ dB SPL

21
Q

HL (hearing level)

A

Lowest intensity of sound necessary to stimulate auditory system.
Used in audiometry

22
Q

Common Speech Characteristics in the Hearing Impaired population

A
  • Sound distortion (esp. fricatives & stops)
  • Omission of initial & final consonants
  • Reduction of Consonant Cluster
  • Substitution of Voiced for Voiceless consonants (g/d)
  • Omission of /s/ in almost all positions at word level
  • Substitution of nasals for oral consonants (mat for bat)
  • Increased vowel duration
  • Imprecise vowel production
  • Epenthesis for consonant blends (Eh-Stop)
23
Q

Common Language Characteristics in Pre-lingual Deaf Individuals

A
  • Limited sentence types
  • Reduced length & complexity in sentences
  • Difficulty understanding/producing compound, complex, & embedded sentences
  • Occasionally irrelevant speech - non-sequiturs
  • Insufficient background info
  • Limited oral comm. - lack of elaborated speech
  • Diff. understanding proverbs, metaphors, & abstract
  • Slower acquisition of gramm. morphemes
  • Omission or inconsistent use of morphemes (past-tense, plural inflection, sing. s, indefinite pronouns, present progressive -ing, prepositions & conjunctions)
  • Poor Reading Comp
  • Writing reflecting oral lang. problems
24
Q

Voice & Resonance Issues with Hearing Impaired

A
  • Hypernasal on non-nasals
  • Hyponasal on nasals
  • Abnormal Phrasing/flow/rhythm
  • Monotone speech
  • Improper stress patterns
  • Restricted pitch range
  • Inappropriate high pitch
  • Fast/Slow ROS
  • Inappropriate pauses
  • Inefficient breathing
  • Voice quality deviations - hoarseness & harshness

Audiology (1 decks)

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