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BIOS 252 > A&P 3 Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P 3 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune clotting system?

A

Protection

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2
Q

4 Heart Chambers

A

R & L Atrium
R & L Ventricles

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3
Q

Adults have how much blood on average?

A

4-6 Liters

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4
Q

Where is the pulmonary circuit located?

A

Right side of the heart

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5
Q

What are anti-coagulants?

A

Medication used to prevent blood clots from forming or growing

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6
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC) principal functions

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
Carry CO2 from tissues to lungs

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What does the the immune clotting system provide?

A

Protection

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9
Q

Adults have how much blood?

A

4 o 6 L

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10
Q

What side is the pulmonary circuit located on?

A

Right side of heart

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11
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

L & R Atrium
L & R Ventricle

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12
Q

What are anti-coagulants?

A

Medication that prevents the forming and expansion of blood clots

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13
Q

Erythrocytes principal function (RBCs)

A

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
Carry CO2 from tissues to the lungs

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14
Q

Blood is what than water?

A

Heavier?

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15
Q

Blood is what when oxygen is absent?

A

Dark Red

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16
Q

What is transportation?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, and stem cells are transported from bone marrow

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17
Q

Blood Types

A

Antigen (Ag)
Antibody (Anti)

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18
Q

Heart rhythm and contractions are controlled by the cardiac cells in what?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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19
Q

What is the cardio inhibitory center?

A

parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve

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20
Q

What is polycythemia

A

An excess of RBCs

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21
Q

What is anemia?

A

Deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

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22
Q

How many phases of cardiac action potential are there?

A

4 Phases

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23
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

RBC production from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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24
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules that form on the surface of all cells
Enable the body to distinguish its own cells

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25
Q

What do ventricles do?

A

Pump blood out of the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body via arteries

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26
Q

Leukocytes/Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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27
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of the heart chambers

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28
Q

What is blood Ph range?

A

7.35-7.45

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29
Q

Why is Type O the universal donor

A

The lack of antigens on the RBCs surface= no antigens for the antibodies from the donor blood to attack

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30
Q

What does the atria do?

A

Receives blood from the heart to pump to the ventricles

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31
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood

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32
Q

What is Regulation?

A

Fluid balance, pH, and temp control

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33
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The cessation of bleeding

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34
Q

Blood is slightly what than the bodies core temperature?

A

Warmer

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35
Q

Circulatory System

A

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

36
Q

Each hemoglobin protein consists of?

A

Four protein subunits (globins)
Four heme groups

37
Q

What are the universal blood types?

A

Type O and AB+

38
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume ejected in each ventricle measured in liters per minute

39
Q

Functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection

40
Q

Solid (formed elements) are made up of what?

A

WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

41
Q

Heart wall is made up of?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

42
Q

What are two erythrocytes disorders?

A

Polycythemia and anemia

43
Q

Leukocytes; Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

44
Q

What are the phases for stimulation of the myocardium

A

Depolarization
Plateau
Repolarization

45
Q

Steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

46
Q

What are semi lunar valves?

A

Control flow from ventricles into great arteries

47
Q

What is the cardio acceleratory center?

A

Sympathetic innervation via the cardiac nerves

48
Q

What is hematopoietic tissue?

A

All other formed elements produced in bone marrow

49
Q

Two Primary Heart Sounds

A

First sound (louder)
Second sound (softer, sharper)

50
Q

What are the two pathways to coagulation?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

51
Q

What is fibrolysis?

A

Dissolution of a clot

52
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of heart chambers

53
Q

Why is AB+ universal blood type?

A

No anti-A or B antibiotics in plasma

54
Q

Liquid plasma is made up of what?

A

Water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and waste

55
Q

Blood is composed of what?

A

Plasma and formed elements

56
Q

What color is blood when bound to RBCs?

A

Bright red

57
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double walled sca that encloses the heart

58
Q

What are AV valves?

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

59
Q

What are the names of the valves?

A

Seimlunar and atrioventricular

60
Q

What are platelets? (thrombocyte)

A

Small fragments of megakaryocyte cells

61
Q

Centrifugation order of blood

A

1st plasma top (yellow)
2nd Buffy coat: narrow bond of WBCs and platelets
3rd RBC: heaviest, settles at the bottom
*Hematocrit; packed cell value

62
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do?

A

transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

63
Q

what does the systemic circuit do?

A

delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the body’s organs, tissues, and cells

64
Q

Hemagglutination essay

A

-Clmpinfg of red blood cells is a positive feedback loop
-Blood to be tested is added specifically to a serum containing anti A & Anti-B

65
Q

what is extrinsic mechanism?

A

initiated by clotting factors that are released by the damaged blood vessel or tissue

66
Q

What are the hematopoietic stem cells?

A

-multiple stem cells in bone marrow
-gives rise to all formed elements
must continue creating new cells throughout the lifetime

67
Q

name the four heme gr

A

Heme is a respiratory pigment that turns red when it binds to O2
Iron atom (Fe) at core binds O2
Four O2 binding sites per Hb

68
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Most abundant 60-70%
Aggressively phagocytes bacteria

69
Q

What are eosinophils

A

2-4% total of WBCs
red-orange granules in cytoplasm

70
Q

What are basophils

A

Least abundant <1%
many dark violet granules in cytoplasm

71
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

25-33% of total WBCs
large dark nucleus w/ a little cytoplasm

72
Q

what are monocytes?

A

3-8% of total WBCs
horseshoe-shaped nucleus (largest WBC)
phagocytizes microbes and cellular debris

73
Q

What is the OT Interval

A

time it takes ventricles to contract and relax

74
Q

what are P waves?

A

Arial depolarization

75
Q

what are T Waves

A

ventricular repolarization

76
Q

what is the PR Interval

A

time it takes to travel from atria to ventricles

77
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization when signals from AV node spread through ventricles

78
Q

ABO Blood Groups

A

A Antigen
B Antigen
Both A&B
Neither

79
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

SA Node
signals spreads throughout atria
atrioventricular bundle

80
Q

What do leukocytes do?

A

Travel in blood to combat pathogens and foreign substances
Have a major roles in responding to tissue damage

81
Q

What is the intrinsic mechanism?

A

reaction pathway that uses clotting factors that are within the blood itself

82
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC) are designed to maximize gas exchange and transport

A

Loses nearly all organelles during development
No mitochondria
No nucleus
Consists mostly of hemoglobins that carry gases

83
Q

Where is the systemic circuit?

A

The right side of the heart

84
Q

Different layers of the pericardium?

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Pericardial layer

85
Q

Phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular filling
Isometric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation

86
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Series of events that occur in the heart during one complete heartbeat

87
Q

What is antibody?

A

Proteins secreted as part of a specific immune response when foreign antigens are detected
Bind to antigens and mark them for destruction

BIOS 252 (2 decks)

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