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A & P Flashcards

1
Q

In utero, what is independent of FSH?

A

primordial follicle

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2
Q

What accelerates growth of 6-12 secondary follicles each cycle?

A

Estradiol from ovary (FSH)

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3
Q

How long does it take for a dominant follicle to be established?

A 
about 1 week
others die (atresia)
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4
Q

What surge shifts production from estrogen to progesterone?

A

LH surge

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5
Q

What is released in response to progesterone & increases blood flow & leads to plasma transudation into follicle?

A

vasodilators- prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin

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6
Q

Stigma is extruded & ruptures after weakening by what?

A

Plasmin & collagenase enzymes

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7
Q

The excavated follicle becomes what?

A

corpus luteum

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8
Q

In the absence of_______________, the follicle will not rupture

A

LH surge

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9
Q

“Corona rediata” refers to what?

A

when the stigma ruptures & ovum is carried w/in fluid & cells

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10
Q

The outer wall of___________ swells & allows stigma from center to protrude?

A

graffian follicle

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11
Q

Estradiol is related to what?

A

LH & proliferative phase

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12
Q

Progesterone is related to what?

A

Secratory phase & ovulation

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13
Q

FSH stimulates what?

A

ovary

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14
Q

What has to happen high in tube in order for implantation to occur?

A

fertilization of egg

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15
Q

How is a fertilized ovum transported?

A

weak fluid currents & ciliated tubes

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16
Q

_____________ & ____________ membranes make hCG which sustains _________ through first trimester

A

placenta & embryonic

luteum

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17
Q

The fertilized egg arrives at 3-4 days & feeds off “_______________” for 2-3 days before implantation

A

uterine milk

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18
Q

What doe the blastocyst use to penetrate endometrium (decidual reaction)?

A

plasmin

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19
Q

The fertilized egg is embedded in the stroma by day?

A

8-12

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20
Q

How is the embryo nurtured?

A

vaculoles that are formed by dilated blood vessels that invade the fertilized, implanted egg

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21
Q

hCG is initially produced by the __________, then by the ___________?

A

embryo (trophoblasts), then placenta

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22
Q

hCG does what & for how long?

A

stimulates progesterone (steroidogenesis) production by CL. Peaks at about 10 weeks, but declines w/ CL degeneration at around 10-12 weeks.

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23
Q

After hCG declines, who becomes the major site of steroid production?

A

placenta

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24
Q

HPL

A

human placental lactogen
secreted into maternal circulation, rises througout pregnancy
protein hormone, like prolactin

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25
What does HPL do?
Metabolic hormone of pregnancy- antagonizes maternal glucose consumption. Implicated in GDM
26
Hyperemesis gravidarum
morning sickness w/ wt loss, ketonuria, electrolyte imbalance
27
Digestive system & morning sickness
notion that mother will provide is false Alk phos & cholesterol increase Albumin decreases
28
Integument changes in pregnancy
vascular spiders melasma/choasma linea nigra striae
29
Relaxin
enlarges ribcage & subcostal diaphragm diameter, volumes & capacities effected by mechanical changes. DOE increases throughout pregnancy
30
Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy (often volume related)
``` CO changed by HR & SV CO positional BP decreased early, then compensated BP higher than pre-preg=MONITOR altered heart sounds ```
31
Never use what kind of BP medication in pregnancy d/t renal damage
ACEi
32
Renal changes in pregnancy
kidneys enlarge increased GFR increases CrCl glucose load & excretion increases trace protein in UA-NORMAL from expanded vol, enhanced perfusion
33
Bladder changes
reduced capacity | increased pressure
34
Hematologic changes
BV increased at 6 weeks physiologic anemia 2 fold nml risk of embolism hypercoaguable state
35
Breast changes
tenderness, tingling hypertrophy (progesterone) colostrum expression pre-partum darkening of nipples
36
Musculoskeletal changes
lumbar lordosis | unsteady gait w/ separation of PS (relaxin effect)= fall risk
37
Reproductive system changes
increased d/c endocervix converts to ectocervix mucus plug forms uterine volume increases x500
38
Oxygen exchange with maternal circulation occurs where in the placenta?
chorionic villi
39
How saturated is the umbilical vein?
80%
40
What is thought to protect the fetal heart as an anatomic/physiological sphincter?
ductus venosus- it bypasses the liver
41
90% of the blood leaving the rt ventricle flows through ____________ into aorta
ductus arteriosus
42
In fetal circulation, the blood in the SVC & rt hepatic vein flows through what valve?
tricuspid
43
What channels blood from the IVC & left hepatic vein to the left atrium (30% CO)
crista dividens
44
What EXTRACTS oxygen in the fetus?
pulmonary circuit
45
Poorly oxygenated blood from the lungs mixes with what?
shunted blood
46
Fetal aortic blood oxygenated by what %
65%
47
Descending aorta carries relatively deoxygenated blood to
caudal fetus (35%) & placenta (65%)
48
Ductus arteriosus
20% functionally closed at 24 hrs 82% by 48 hrs 100% by 96 hrs Closure initially functional, d/t changes in pressure, but over time endothelial cell growth & deposition of fibrous tissues seals them
49
Reduced resistance in lungs invites flow & a buildup of ___________with loss of maternal flow stimulates_____________
CO2 | respiratory drive
50
Small shunt of blood persists from_______ to left pulmonary artery for 24-48 hrs after birth
aorta
51
greater workload on rt ventricle in fetus means that wall of rt ventricle is____________until about 1 month of age
thicker | after about 1 mo old it atrophies
52
What happens during 3rd week of development
``` gastrulation forms trilaminar embryo notochord formation neural tube formation neural crest formation somite formation coelom blood vessels & blood chorionic villi increases surface area of chorion for exchange of nutrients ```
53
notochord
primordial axis of the embryo
54
neural tube
CNS primordium
55
Somite
musculoskeletal primordia
56
coelom
body cavity
57
What happens between 4-8 weeks of development (organogenetic period)
all major organ systems form heart moves ventrally as brain forms embryonic disc folds in 4th wk=C-shaped cylindrical embryo incorporation of yolk sac & formation of gut in 4th wk
58
eyes develop when
5-8 weeks
59
ears develop when
4-5 months
60
What happens during the 9th week of development
head is 1/2 crown rump length legs are short, arms reach final relative length 12th week external genitalia differentiating 9-12th weeks intestinal coils near umbilical cord move into abdomen by end of 12th week blood formation shifts from LIV to SP 9-12 weeks
61
14 weeks
skeletal ossification & coordinated limb movements
62
9th week-birth is what period?
fetal period
63
scalp hair pattern determined by
13-16th week
64
21-25 weeks
significant wt gain
65
26 weeks
lungs & vasculature mature enough to support respiration | CNS mature enough to direct rhythmic breathing & control body temp
66
28 weeks
bone marrow assumes erythropoiesis
67
30 weeks
pupillary light reflexes can be elicited
68
35 weeks
grasp & orientation to light
69
36 weeks
head & abd circumference equal
70
37 weeks
fetal foot slightly longer than femur

OB (13 decks)

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