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OB > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

1
Q

In utero, what is independent of FSH?

A

primordial follicle

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2
Q

What accelerates growth of 6-12 secondary follicles each cycle?

A

Estradiol from ovary (FSH)

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3
Q

How long does it take for a dominant follicle to be established?

A 
about 1 week
others die (atresia)
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4
Q

What surge shifts production from estrogen to progesterone?

A

LH surge

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5
Q

What is released in response to progesterone & increases blood flow & leads to plasma transudation into follicle?

A

vasodilators- prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin

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6
Q

Stigma is extruded & ruptures after weakening by what?

A

Plasmin & collagenase enzymes

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7
Q

The excavated follicle becomes what?

A

corpus luteum

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8
Q

In the absence of_______________, the follicle will not rupture

A

LH surge

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9
Q

“Corona rediata” refers to what?

A

when the stigma ruptures & ovum is carried w/in fluid & cells

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10
Q

The outer wall of___________ swells & allows stigma from center to protrude?

A

graffian follicle

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11
Q

Estradiol is related to what?

A

LH & proliferative phase

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12
Q

Progesterone is related to what?

A

Secratory phase & ovulation

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13
Q

FSH stimulates what?

A

ovary

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14
Q

What has to happen high in tube in order for implantation to occur?

A

fertilization of egg

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15
Q

How is a fertilized ovum transported?

A

weak fluid currents & ciliated tubes

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16
Q

_____________ & ____________ membranes make hCG which sustains _________ through first trimester

A

placenta & embryonic

luteum

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17
Q

The fertilized egg arrives at 3-4 days & feeds off “_______________” for 2-3 days before implantation

A

uterine milk

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18
Q

What doe the blastocyst use to penetrate endometrium (decidual reaction)?

A

plasmin

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19
Q

The fertilized egg is embedded in the stroma by day?

A

8-12

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20
Q

How is the embryo nurtured?

A

vaculoles that are formed by dilated blood vessels that invade the fertilized, implanted egg

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21
Q

hCG is initially produced by the __________, then by the ___________?

A

embryo (trophoblasts), then placenta

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22
Q

hCG does what & for how long?

A

stimulates progesterone (steroidogenesis) production by CL. Peaks at about 10 weeks, but declines w/ CL degeneration at around 10-12 weeks.

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23
Q

After hCG declines, who becomes the major site of steroid production?

A

placenta

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24
Q

HPL

A

human placental lactogen
secreted into maternal circulation, rises througout pregnancy
protein hormone, like prolactin

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25
Q

What does HPL do?

A

Metabolic hormone of pregnancy- antagonizes maternal glucose consumption. Implicated in GDM

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26
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

morning sickness w/ wt loss, ketonuria, electrolyte imbalance

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27
Q

Digestive system & morning sickness

A

notion that mother will provide is false
Alk phos & cholesterol increase
Albumin decreases

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28
Q

Integument changes in pregnancy

A

vascular spiders
melasma/choasma
linea nigra
striae

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29
Q

Relaxin

A

enlarges ribcage & subcostal diaphragm diameter, volumes & capacities effected by mechanical changes. DOE increases throughout pregnancy

30
Q

Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy (often volume related)

A 
CO changed by HR & SV
CO positional
BP decreased early, then compensated
BP higher than pre-preg=MONITOR
altered heart sounds
31
Q

Never use what kind of BP medication in pregnancy d/t renal damage

A

ACEi

32
Q

Renal changes in pregnancy

A

kidneys enlarge
increased GFR increases CrCl
glucose load & excretion increases
trace protein in UA-NORMAL from expanded vol, enhanced perfusion

33
Q

Bladder changes

A

reduced capacity

increased pressure

34
Q

Hematologic changes

A

BV increased at 6 weeks
physiologic anemia
2 fold nml risk of embolism
hypercoaguable state

35
Q

Breast changes

A

tenderness, tingling
hypertrophy (progesterone)
colostrum expression pre-partum
darkening of nipples

36
Q

Musculoskeletal changes

A

lumbar lordosis

unsteady gait w/ separation of PS (relaxin effect)= fall risk

37
Q

Reproductive system changes

A

increased d/c
endocervix converts to ectocervix
mucus plug forms
uterine volume increases x500

38
Q

Oxygen exchange with maternal circulation occurs where in the placenta?

A

chorionic villi

39
Q

How saturated is the umbilical vein?

A

80%

40
Q

What is thought to protect the fetal heart as an anatomic/physiological sphincter?

A

ductus venosus- it bypasses the liver

41
Q

90% of the blood leaving the rt ventricle flows through ____________ into aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

42
Q

In fetal circulation, the blood in the SVC & rt hepatic vein flows through what valve?

A

tricuspid

43
Q

What channels blood from the IVC & left hepatic vein to the left atrium (30% CO)

A

crista dividens

44
Q

What EXTRACTS oxygen in the fetus?

A

pulmonary circuit

45
Q

Poorly oxygenated blood from the lungs mixes with what?

A

shunted blood

46
Q

Fetal aortic blood oxygenated by what %

A

65%

47
Q

Descending aorta carries relatively deoxygenated blood to

A

caudal fetus (35%) & placenta (65%)

48
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

20% functionally closed at 24 hrs
82% by 48 hrs
100% by 96 hrs
Closure initially functional, d/t changes in pressure, but over time endothelial cell growth & deposition of fibrous tissues seals them

49
Q

Reduced resistance in lungs invites flow & a buildup of ___________with loss of maternal flow stimulates_____________

A

CO2

respiratory drive

50
Q

Small shunt of blood persists from_______ to left pulmonary artery for 24-48 hrs after birth

A

aorta

51
Q

greater workload on rt ventricle in fetus means that wall of rt ventricle is____________until about 1 month of age

A

thicker

after about 1 mo old it atrophies

52
Q

What happens during 3rd week of development

A 
gastrulation forms trilaminar embryo
notochord formation
neural tube formation
neural crest formation
somite formation
coelom
blood vessels & blood
chorionic villi increases surface area of chorion for exchange of nutrients
53
Q

notochord

A

primordial axis of the embryo

54
Q

neural tube

A

CNS primordium

55
Q

Somite

A

musculoskeletal primordia

56
Q

coelom

A

body cavity

57
Q

What happens between 4-8 weeks of development (organogenetic period)

A

all major organ systems form
heart moves ventrally as brain forms
embryonic disc folds in 4th wk=C-shaped cylindrical embryo
incorporation of yolk sac & formation of gut in 4th wk

58
Q

eyes develop when

A

5-8 weeks

59
Q

ears develop when

A

4-5 months

60
Q

What happens during the 9th week of development

A

head is 1/2 crown rump length
legs are short, arms reach final relative length 12th week
external genitalia differentiating 9-12th weeks
intestinal coils near umbilical cord move into abdomen by end of 12th week
blood formation shifts from LIV to SP 9-12 weeks

61
Q

14 weeks

A

skeletal ossification & coordinated limb movements

62
Q

9th week-birth is what period?

A

fetal period

63
Q

scalp hair pattern determined by

A

13-16th week

64
Q

21-25 weeks

A

significant wt gain

65
Q

26 weeks

A

lungs & vasculature mature enough to support respiration

CNS mature enough to direct rhythmic breathing & control body temp

66
Q

28 weeks

A

bone marrow assumes erythropoiesis

67
Q

30 weeks

A

pupillary light reflexes can be elicited

68
Q

35 weeks

A

grasp & orientation to light

69
Q

36 weeks

A

head & abd circumference equal

70
Q

37 weeks

A

fetal foot slightly longer than femur

OB (13 decks)

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