A&P Flashcards
What is obligated nasal breathing
Have to breath through nose.
What type of breathing do equine preform?
Obligated nasal breathing.
The conchae bone in the nasal cavity is divided into what three parts?
- dorsal meatus
- middle meatus
- ventral meatus
What meatus is most important? Why?
Ventral meatus
It is the widest and used to pass nasogastric tubes
Paranasal sinuses
Pair of air-filled structures within the bones of the skull
What sinuses are most important to the Paranasal sinuses?
- rostral maxillary sinus
- caudal maxillary sinus
- frontal sinus
What is the location of the maxillary sinuses?
- rostral is located dorsal to the pm4 and m1
- caudal is located dorsal to the m2 and m3
What are the guttural pouches?
A pair of air filled sacks off the Eustachian tubes
What is the most important structure in the larynx? Why?
-arytenoid
Regulates the airflow into the trachea by changing the diameter of the rima glottis (the hole…)
What’s odd about the lungs?
They are not divided completely into distinct lobes
The hours lips are…?
Muscular and prehensile (they allow grasping while grazing)
What teeth are generally only found in the male horse?
Canine
Teeth are hypsodont, what does this mean?
They are slowly constantly erupting as the horse ages to replace worn down crowns
Deciduous teeth formula
2(dI 3|3 dC 0|0 dP 3|3)
No M
What are deciduous teeth on a horse called?
Caps
Permanent teeth formula
2(I3|3 C1|1 P3-4|3 M3|3)
Premolar 1 (PM1) are also called?
Wolf teeth and are more common on the maxillary aspect
Galcayne’s groove, WTF is this?
A longitude groove on the upper I3 that emerges from the gum line at 10years old, 1/2 down the tooth at 15years, and extends the entire length of the tooth at 20years
At what point in the small intestine does most of digestion and absorption occur?
The first half
What differs the horse cecum from other mammal?
It’s very large, nearly 30L compasitiy
During microbial digestion in the large (ascending) colon, what is created?
Volatile fatty acids that are absorbed and used as nutrients for the animal and the digestive microbes
How is the ventral colon easily identified?
Note the sacculations of the bowels. (Bumpy)
What is a common site, within the colon, for feed impactions?
The pelvic flexure (it narrows and turns in on its self)
Do horses have a gal bladder?
Nope
What differs the left kidney from the right kidney?
The left kidney is a stander bean shap, the right, however is shaped like a “heart”
Horses are obligated calcium excreters, this causes what?
Calcium carbonate crystals to form and are excreted in the urine
What is the suspensory ligament and where is it located?
A strong band of tissue that prevents excessive extension of the fetlock joint during weight-bearing phase.
The back of the cannon bone between the splint bones.
What makes up the suspensory apparatus?
- suspensory ligament
- proximal sesamoid bones
- distal sesamoidean ligaments
What are the main bones inside the hoof?
- P3 distal phalanx (coffin bone)
- distal tip of P2 (middle phalanx, short pastern)
- navicular bone (distal sesamoid bone)
The hoof wall is made up of what 3 layers?
- stratum externum
- stratum medium
- stratum internum (insensitive lamina)
What is the corium?
Area in the hoof that contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis of the hoof.
Of the 5 corium what is the most important? Why?
Laminar corium (sensitive laminae) It interweaves with the stratum internum to provide nutrients to the insensitive lamina.
What is the underside view of the hoof?
Volar surface
WTF is the frog?
Cornified tissue on the bottom of the foot, used to provide a softer, cushion like landing.
What degrees can the horse see?
300, with blind spots directly in front of and behind.
Corpora nigra
Small black granules attached to the margin of the pupil. This is normal.
PCV of RBC?
32%-48%
RBC often form shapes called rouleaux, what are theses?
When the RBC stack on each other like coins or poker chips.
Horses cannot produce what kind of RBC
Reticulocytes, immature RBC
What kind of RBC are normal in a foal up to 1 year old?
Microcytosis, small RBC
What is found on the WBC eosinophil?
Large pink granules in the cytoplasm, looks like cotton candy
Fibrinogen
A responses to acute inflammation.
Is it normal for a horse to have higher bilirubin compared to small animals
Yes. Due to lack of gall bladder.
Two most important liver enzymes?
SDH - liver specific enzyme
GGT - non liver specific
