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Equine > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

0
Q

What is obligated nasal breathing

A

Have to breath through nose.

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1
Q

What type of breathing do equine preform?

A

Obligated nasal breathing.

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2
Q

The conchae bone in the nasal cavity is divided into what three parts?

A
  • dorsal meatus
  • middle meatus
  • ventral meatus
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3
Q

What meatus is most important? Why?

A

Ventral meatus

It is the widest and used to pass nasogastric tubes

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4
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Pair of air-filled structures within the bones of the skull

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5
Q

What sinuses are most important to the Paranasal sinuses?

A
  • rostral maxillary sinus
  • caudal maxillary sinus
  • frontal sinus
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6
Q

What is the location of the maxillary sinuses?

A
  • rostral is located dorsal to the pm4 and m1

- caudal is located dorsal to the m2 and m3

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7
Q

What are the guttural pouches?

A

A pair of air filled sacks off the Eustachian tubes

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8
Q

What is the most important structure in the larynx? Why?

A

-arytenoid

Regulates the airflow into the trachea by changing the diameter of the rima glottis (the hole…)

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9
Q

What’s odd about the lungs?

A

They are not divided completely into distinct lobes

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10
Q

The hours lips are…?

A

Muscular and prehensile (they allow grasping while grazing)

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11
Q

What teeth are generally only found in the male horse?

A

Canine

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12
Q

Teeth are hypsodont, what does this mean?

A

They are slowly constantly erupting as the horse ages to replace worn down crowns

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13
Q

Deciduous teeth formula

A

2(dI 3|3 dC 0|0 dP 3|3)

No M

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14
Q

What are deciduous teeth on a horse called?

A

Caps

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15
Q

Permanent teeth formula

A

2(I3|3 C1|1 P3-4|3 M3|3)

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16
Q

Premolar 1 (PM1) are also called?

A

Wolf teeth and are more common on the maxillary aspect

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17
Q

Galcayne’s groove, WTF is this?

A

A longitude groove on the upper I3 that emerges from the gum line at 10years old, 1/2 down the tooth at 15years, and extends the entire length of the tooth at 20years

18
Q

At what point in the small intestine does most of digestion and absorption occur?

A

The first half

19
Q

What differs the horse cecum from other mammal?

A

It’s very large, nearly 30L compasitiy

20
Q

During microbial digestion in the large (ascending) colon, what is created?

A

Volatile fatty acids that are absorbed and used as nutrients for the animal and the digestive microbes

21
Q

How is the ventral colon easily identified?

A

Note the sacculations of the bowels. (Bumpy)

22
Q

What is a common site, within the colon, for feed impactions?

A

The pelvic flexure (it narrows and turns in on its self)

23
Q

Do horses have a gal bladder?

A

Nope

24
Q

What differs the left kidney from the right kidney?

A

The left kidney is a stander bean shap, the right, however is shaped like a “heart”

25
Q

Horses are obligated calcium excreters, this causes what?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals to form and are excreted in the urine

26
Q

What is the suspensory ligament and where is it located?

A

A strong band of tissue that prevents excessive extension of the fetlock joint during weight-bearing phase.
The back of the cannon bone between the splint bones.

27
Q

What makes up the suspensory apparatus?

A
  • suspensory ligament
  • proximal sesamoid bones
  • distal sesamoidean ligaments
28
Q

What are the main bones inside the hoof?

A
  • P3 distal phalanx (coffin bone)
  • distal tip of P2 (middle phalanx, short pastern)
  • navicular bone (distal sesamoid bone)
29
Q

The hoof wall is made up of what 3 layers?

A
  • stratum externum
  • stratum medium
  • stratum internum (insensitive lamina)
30
Q

What is the corium?

A

Area in the hoof that contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the epidermis of the hoof.

31
Q

Of the 5 corium what is the most important? Why?

A 
Laminar corium (sensitive laminae) 
It interweaves with the stratum internum to provide nutrients to the insensitive lamina.
32
Q

What is the underside view of the hoof?

A

Volar surface

33
Q

WTF is the frog?

A

Cornified tissue on the bottom of the foot, used to provide a softer, cushion like landing.

34
Q

What degrees can the horse see?

A

300, with blind spots directly in front of and behind.

35
Q

Corpora nigra

A

Small black granules attached to the margin of the pupil. This is normal.

36
Q

PCV of RBC?

A

32%-48%

37
Q

RBC often form shapes called rouleaux, what are theses?

A

When the RBC stack on each other like coins or poker chips.

38
Q

Horses cannot produce what kind of RBC

A

Reticulocytes, immature RBC

39
Q

What kind of RBC are normal in a foal up to 1 year old?

A

Microcytosis, small RBC

40
Q

What is found on the WBC eosinophil?

A

Large pink granules in the cytoplasm, looks like cotton candy

41
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A responses to acute inflammation.

42
Q

Is it normal for a horse to have higher bilirubin compared to small animals

A

Yes. Due to lack of gall bladder.

43
Q

Two most important liver enzymes?

A

SDH - liver specific enzyme

GGT - non liver specific

Equine (4 decks)

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