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Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 5 - URINARY SYSTEM ✔️ > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

0
Q

Each kidney is a dark __________, __________- shaped organ.

A

Dark red

Bean shaped

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1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

2 kidneys that secrete urine

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2
Q

Each kidney measures?

A

12 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick

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3
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Ducts leading to the kidneys

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4
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Urinary reservoir

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube from the bladder to the surface of the body

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6
Q

The kidney is in the __________ space.

A

Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

The __________ kidney is slightly lower than the __________ kidney because of the liver.

A

Right kidney

Left kidney

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8
Q

With __________, both kidneys move.

A

Respiration

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9
Q

On the medial surface of each kidney is a vertical slit called the __________.

A

Hilus

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10
Q

The hilum transmits:

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
Lymph vessels & sympathetic fibers

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11
Q

Each artery divides into __________ branches to enter the hilus of the kidney.

A

3

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12
Q

5-6 veins join to form the __________ vein, which emerges from the hilus in front of the __________ artery.

A

Renal vein

Renal artery

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13
Q

The renal vein drains into the __________.

A

IVC

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14
Q

The __________ __________ follow the renal artery to the lateral aortic lymph. Odes around the origin of the renal artery.

A

Lymph vessels

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15
Q

__________ originates in the renal sympathetic plexus and are distributed along the branches of the renal vessels.

A

Nerves

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16
Q

The __________ __________, also known as Gerota fascia, is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys.

A

Renal fascia

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17
Q

__________ Of the renal cortex lies beneath the renal capsule.

A

Parenchyma

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18
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer portion that contains tubules

Responsible for filtration of the blood

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19
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Pyramids, which empty their contents into the collecting space

Responsible for absorption

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20
Q

What is the collecting space called?

A

Renal pelvis

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21
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Central portion of the kidney

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22
Q

Renal sinus contains a collecting system consisting of:

A

Major and minor calyces
Arteries and veins
Lymphatic
Part of the renal pelvis

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23
Q

Within the kidney, the upper extended end of the __________, which is the pelvis of the ureter, divides into 2-3 major __________, each of which divides into 2-3 minor __________.

A

Ureter

Major

Minor

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24
Q

Each minor calyx is indented by the apex of the medullary pyramid called the __________ __________.

A

Renal papilla

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25
Q

__________, are the functional units of the kidney. We have more than one million of these.

A

Nephrons

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26
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Network of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a cup like structure (bowman’s capsule)

Has afferent & efferent arterioles

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27
Q

What is afferent arterioles?

A

Blood flow INTO the glomerulus

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28
Q

What is efferent arterioles?

A

Blood flow FROM the glomerulus

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29
Q

Renal tubule consists of what 3 parts:

A

Proximal

Loop of Henle

Distal

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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31
Q

The artery subdivides within the kidneys, and a small __________, the __________ arteriole, enters the __________ capsule, where it forms a tuft of capillaries, the __________, which entirely fills the concavity of the capsule.

A

Vessel

Afferent

Bowman’s

Glomerulus

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32
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus via the __________ arteriole, which subdivides into a network of capillaries that surround the __________ and __________ tubules and eventually unite as veins that become the __________ __________.

A

Efferent

Proximal and distal

Renal vein

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33
Q

The __________ __________ returns the cleansed blood to the general circulation.

A

Renal vein

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34
Q

What are the main arteries of the kidney?

A 
Main renal artery
Segmental arteries
Lobar arteries
Interlobar arteries (side of pyramid)
Arcuate arteries (base of pyramid)
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
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35
Q

What are the main veins of the kidney?

A 
Interlobular veins
Accurate veins
Interlobar veins
Segmental veins
Main renal vein
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36
Q

From the nephrons, the fluid moves to collecting __________ and into the __________, which leads to the __________, where urine is stored.

A

Tubules

Ureter

Bladder

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37
Q

Ureters run along the __________ muscle.

A

Psoas

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38
Q

The ureter is approximately __________ cm long.

A

25

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39
Q

What are the 3 ureter constrictions?

A

UPJ (ureteropelvic junction - pelvis joins the ureter)

Point at which the ureter is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim

UVJ (ureterovesicle junction - ureter pierces bladder wall)

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40
Q

The __________ __________ is a large, muscular bag.

A

Urinary bladder

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41
Q

What are the 3 openings of the bladder?

A

2 are posterior and lateral for the ureters

1 is anterior for the urethra

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42
Q

When the bladder is full, the lining is __________ and __________; when the bladder is empty, the lining is a __________.

A

Smooth and stretched

Series of folds

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43
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Area of the inferior bladder where the ureters end at the bladder and the urethra exits

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44
Q

Urine is produced almost continuously and accumulates in the bladder until the increased pressure stimulates what?

A

Bladders nervous receptors

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45
Q

The __________ is a membranous tube that passes from the anterior part of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

A

Urethra

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46
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the urethra?

A

Internal and external sphincters

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47
Q

__________ Is a closure of the urethra

A

Stricture

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48
Q

__________ Is inflammation of the mucous membrane in the urethra

A

Urethritis

49
Q

__________ Is difficult urination

A

Dysuria

50
Q

__________ Is inflammation of the bladder

A

Cystitis

51
Q

__________ Is open bladder surgery

A

Cytostomy

52
Q

__________ Is the removal of the bladder

A

Cystectomy

53
Q

What are the 2 principle functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of wastes and regulation of the composition of blood

54
Q

Kidneys adjust what 2 things so that it equals what entering the body?

A

Amount of water and electrolytes = amount of substances

55
Q

Formation of urine involves what 3 processes?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

56
Q

Regulation of the composition of blood involves not only the removal of __________, but also the conservation of __________ and __________ in the body.

A

Harmful waste products

Water and metabolites

57
Q

Symptoms of renal infection or disease…

A 
Flank pain
Hematuria
Polyuria
Oliguria
Fever
Urgency
Weight loss
Generalized edema
58
Q

A __________ is essential for the detection of urinary tract disorders in patients whose renal function is impaired or absent.

A

Urinalysis

59
Q

The presence of an acute infection will cause __________, or __________ in the urine.

A

Hematuria or RBCs

60
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Pus in the urine

61
Q

__________ Is important in managing such diseases as bacteriuria and renal calculi.

A

pH

62
Q

Urine pH refers to…

A

The strength of the urine as a partly acidic or alkaline solution

63
Q

If urine contains an increased concentration of hydrogen ions, the urine is an __________ __________.

A

Acidic solution

64
Q

__________ __________ Is the measurement of the kidneys ability to concentrate urine.

A

Specific gravity

65
Q

The concentration factor depends on the …

A

Amount of dissolved waste products within it

66
Q

__________ __________ Is especially low in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.

A

Specific gravity

67
Q

Renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis cause __________, which affects the ability of kidneys to concentrate urine.

A

Renal tubular damage

68
Q

__________ Is RBCs in the urine and may indicate early renal disease.

A

Hematuria

69
Q

An abundance of RBCs in the urine may be suggestive of…

A

Renal trauma, calculi, or pyelonephritis

Glomerular or vascular inflammatory - acute glomerulonephritis & renal infarction

70
Q

__________ May be present whenever there is inflammation, infection, or necrosis.

A

Leukocytes

71
Q

__________ Refers to the relative ratio of plasma to packed cell volume in the blood.

A

Hematocrit

72
Q

A dressed hematocrit level occurs with acute __________ processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.

A

Hemorrhagic

73
Q

The presence of hemoglobin in urine occurs whenever there is extensive damage or destruction of the functioning __________. This condition is injurious to the kidney and can cause __________.

A

Erythrocytes

Acute renal failure

74
Q

__________ Is commonly found in patients with benign and malignant neoplasms, calculi, chronic infection, and pyelonephritis.

A

Albuminuria

75
Q

__________ Is the combination of specific measurements of creatinine concentrations in urine and blood serum levels is considered an __________ for determining the glomerular filtration rate.

A

Creatinine clearance

Accurate index

76
Q

A __________ urinary creatinine clearance indicates renal dysfunction because the decrease prevents the normal excretion of creatinine.

A

Decreased

77
Q

__________ Is the concentration of urea nitrogen in blood, which is the end product of cellular metabolism.

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

78
Q

__________ Is formed in the liver and carried to the kidneys through the blood to be excreted in urine.

A

Urea

79
Q

Impairment of __________ and increased __________ results in BUN elevation in relation to the degree of __________ and rate of __________ excreted by the kidneys.

A

Renal function and increased protein catabolism

Renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen

80
Q

Renal dysfunction will also result in __________.

A

Serum creatinine elevation

81
Q

__________ Are said to be more specific and more sensitive in determining renal impairment than __________.

A

Blood serum creatinine levels

BUN

82
Q

What should patients do to prepare their bodies for a renal US?

A

Be hydrated - 32 oz of water one hr prior to exam

NPO 6-8 hrs

83
Q

Clinical findings…

A 
UTI
Palpable mass
Elevated serum creatinine & BUN
Severe flank pain
Hematuria
Decreased urine output
Trauma
84
Q

What transducer should be used to scan the ABD?

A

Highest frequency as possible ABD transducer

85
Q

A scan with the patient in the supine position will show 3 distinct segments of the kidney:

A

Less echogenic medullary zone (numerous anechoic, triangle-shaped renal pyramids)

Moderately echogenic renal cortex

Highly reflective central renal sinus

86
Q

The __________ and __________ have a distinct layer of very reflective echoes that distinguish a normal right kidney from the liver, or the left kidney from the spleen.

A

Renal capsule and perinephric fat

87
Q

The renal arteries are located __________ from the aorta, and are easiest to see when the patient is __________ or in the __________ position.

A

Posterolateral

Supine or LLD

88
Q

The __________ extends from the posterolateral aorta to the central renal sinus. On a longitudinal scan, it can be seen as a circular structure posterior to the IVC.

A

Right renal artery

89
Q

Renal arteries lie __________ to the veins and can be seen with certainty if their junction with the aorta is seen.

A

Posterior

90
Q

The __________ flows anterior to the aorta, posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to join the IVC.

A

Left renal vein

91
Q

The __________ lies posterior to the renal arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and no Doppler flow.

A

Diaphragmatic crura

92
Q

The __________ consists of hypoechoic pyramids in a uniform distribution separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extends towards the __________.

A

Renal medulla

Renal sinus

93
Q

The pyramids are __________ in size, and __________ in shape and distribution.

A

Uniform

Triangular

94
Q

The apex of the pyramid points toward the __________, and the base lies adjacent to the __________.

A

Sinus

Renal cortex

95
Q

The __________ lie at the base of the pyramids.

A

Arcuate vessels

96
Q

The pyramids are located at the junction between the more __________ and the __________.

A

Perioheral renal cortex

Central sinus

97
Q

6 variants of the urinary system?

A 
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
Dromedary hump
Junctional parenchymal defect
Persistent fetal lobulation
Extrarenal pelvis
Horseshoe kidney
98
Q

__________ Are the prominent invaginations of the cortex located at varying depths within the medullary substance of the kidneys.

A

Bertin’s columns

99
Q

__________ Is a cortical bulge that occur on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left. In some patients it may be so prominent that it looks like a neoplasm.

A

Dromedary hump

100
Q

__________ Is a triangular echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that can be seen during normal sonographic scanning. Remnant of fusion site.

A

Junctional parenchymal defect

101
Q

__________ Is a developmental variation that is seen. The surface of the kidney is indented between the calyces, giving the kidney a “lobulated” appearance.

A

Persistent fetal lobulation

102
Q

The __________ tends to be larger, with long, major calyces.

A

Extrarenal pelvis

103
Q

__________ Is a common normal variant that can be seen on sonographic examination.

A

Duplex collecting system

104
Q

The __________ appears as two echogenic regions separated by a cleft of moderately echogenic tissue similar in appearance to the normal renal parenchyma.

A

Central renal sinus

105
Q

Fusion anomalies of the kidneys include __________, and __________, which is the most common fusion anomaly.

A

Crossed renal ectopia

Horseshoe kidney

106
Q

In a patient with a horseshoe kidney, there is a fusion of …

A

The polar regions of the kidneys

107
Q

__________ Is a condition that is characterized by the deposition of a moderate amount of fat in the renal sinus.

A

Sinus lipomatosis

108
Q

__________ Is the absence or failure of formation

A

Agenesis

109
Q

__________ Is a defective embryonic development

A

Dysgenesis

110
Q

__________ Is exceeding the normal number

A

Supernumerary

111
Q

__________ Is rare and results from unilateral renal agenesis

A

Solitary kidney

112
Q

What will a sonographer look for to make a diagnosis of solitary kidney?

A

A small nonfunctioning kidney

Renal enlargement

113
Q

If the kidney is not seen in the normal position in the renal fossa, where should be scanned next?

A

Retroperitoneum and pelvis

114
Q

Most true ectopic kidneys are located in the __________ and may be __________.

A

Bony pelvis

Malrotated

115
Q

A pelvic kidney may simulate a __________.

A

Solid adnexal mass

116
Q

What is the modality of choice to evaluate the bladder?

A

Cystoscopy

117
Q

Scanning of the bladder should be performed when the bladder is __________ to image the walls of the bladder.

A

Very full

118
Q

US may evaluate residual urine within the bladder - __________.

A

Postvoid

119
Q

Use color Doppler to evaluate the __________.

A

Ureteral jets

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 5 - URINARY SYSTEM ✔️ (2 decks)

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