A & P Flashcards
(120 cards)
0
Q
Each kidney is a dark __________, __________- shaped organ.
A
Dark red
Bean shaped
1
Q
What does the urinary system consist of?
A
2 kidneys that secrete urine
2
Q
Each kidney measures?
A
12 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick
3
Q
What are the ureters?
A
Ducts leading to the kidneys
4
Q
What is the bladder?
A
Urinary reservoir
5
Q
What is the urethra?
A
Tube from the bladder to the surface of the body
6
Q
The kidney is in the __________ space.
A
Retroperitoneal
7
Q
The __________ kidney is slightly lower than the __________ kidney because of the liver.
A
Right kidney
Left kidney
8
Q
With __________, both kidneys move.
A
Respiration
9
Q
On the medial surface of each kidney is a vertical slit called the __________.
A
Hilus
10
Q
The hilum transmits:
A
Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
Lymph vessels & sympathetic fibers
11
Q
Each artery divides into __________ branches to enter the hilus of the kidney.
A
3
12
Q
5-6 veins join to form the __________ vein, which emerges from the hilus in front of the __________ artery.
A
Renal vein
Renal artery
13
Q
The renal vein drains into the __________.
A
IVC
14
Q
The __________ __________ follow the renal artery to the lateral aortic lymph. Odes around the origin of the renal artery.
A
Lymph vessels
15
Q
__________ originates in the renal sympathetic plexus and are distributed along the branches of the renal vessels.
A
Nerves
16
Q
The __________ __________, also known as Gerota fascia, is a layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys.
A
Renal fascia
17
Q
__________ Of the renal cortex lies beneath the renal capsule.
A
Parenchyma
18
Q
What is the cortex?
A
Outer portion that contains tubules
Responsible for filtration of the blood
19
Q
What is the medulla?
A
Pyramids, which empty their contents into the collecting space
Responsible for absorption
20
Q
What is the collecting space called?
A
Renal pelvis
21
Q
What is the renal sinus?
A
Central portion of the kidney
22
Q
Renal sinus contains a collecting system consisting of:
A
Major and minor calyces
Arteries and veins
Lymphatic
Part of the renal pelvis
23
Q
Within the kidney, the upper extended end of the __________, which is the pelvis of the ureter, divides into 2-3 major __________, each of which divides into 2-3 minor __________.
A
Ureter
Major
Minor
24
Each minor calyx is indented by the apex of the medullary pyramid called the __________ __________.
Renal papilla
25
__________, are the functional units of the kidney. We have more than one million of these.
Nephrons
26
What is the renal corpuscle?
Network of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a cup like structure (bowman's capsule)
Has afferent & efferent arterioles
27
What is afferent arterioles?
Blood flow INTO the glomerulus
28
What is efferent arterioles?
Blood flow FROM the glomerulus
29
Renal tubule consists of what 3 parts:
Proximal
Loop of Henle
Distal
30
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule
31
The artery subdivides within the kidneys, and a small __________, the __________ arteriole, enters the __________ capsule, where it forms a tuft of capillaries, the __________, which entirely fills the concavity of the capsule.
Vessel
Afferent
Bowman's
Glomerulus
32
Blood leaves the glomerulus via the __________ arteriole, which subdivides into a network of capillaries that surround the __________ and __________ tubules and eventually unite as veins that become the __________ __________.
Efferent
Proximal and distal
Renal vein
33
The __________ __________ returns the cleansed blood to the general circulation.
Renal vein
34
What are the main arteries of the kidney?
```
Main renal artery
Segmental arteries
Lobar arteries
Interlobar arteries (side of pyramid)
Arcuate arteries (base of pyramid)
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
```
35
What are the main veins of the kidney?
```
Interlobular veins
Accurate veins
Interlobar veins
Segmental veins
Main renal vein
```
36
From the nephrons, the fluid moves to collecting __________ and into the __________, which leads to the __________, where urine is stored.
Tubules
Ureter
Bladder
37
Ureters run along the __________ muscle.
Psoas
38
The ureter is approximately __________ cm long.
25
39
What are the 3 ureter constrictions?
UPJ (ureteropelvic junction - pelvis joins the ureter)
Point at which the ureter is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim
UVJ (ureterovesicle junction - ureter pierces bladder wall)
40
The __________ __________ is a large, muscular bag.
Urinary bladder
41
What are the 3 openings of the bladder?
2 are posterior and lateral for the ureters
1 is anterior for the urethra
42
When the bladder is full, the lining is __________ and __________; when the bladder is empty, the lining is a __________.
Smooth and stretched
Series of folds
43
What is the trigone?
Area of the inferior bladder where the ureters end at the bladder and the urethra exits
44
Urine is produced almost continuously and accumulates in the bladder until the increased pressure stimulates what?
Bladders nervous receptors
45
The __________ is a membranous tube that passes from the anterior part of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Urethra
46
What are the 2 sphincters of the urethra?
Internal and external sphincters
47
__________ Is a closure of the urethra
Stricture
48
__________ Is inflammation of the mucous membrane in the urethra
Urethritis
49
__________ Is difficult urination
Dysuria
50
__________ Is inflammation of the bladder
Cystitis
51
__________ Is open bladder surgery
Cytostomy
52
__________ Is the removal of the bladder
Cystectomy
53
What are the 2 principle functions of the urinary system?
Excretion of wastes and regulation of the composition of blood
54
Kidneys adjust what 2 things so that it equals what entering the body?
Amount of water and electrolytes = amount of substances
55
Formation of urine involves what 3 processes?
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
56
Regulation of the composition of blood involves not only the removal of __________, but also the conservation of __________ and __________ in the body.
Harmful waste products
Water and metabolites
57
Symptoms of renal infection or disease...
```
Flank pain
Hematuria
Polyuria
Oliguria
Fever
Urgency
Weight loss
Generalized edema
```
58
A __________ is essential for the detection of urinary tract disorders in patients whose renal function is impaired or absent.
Urinalysis
59
The presence of an acute infection will cause __________, or __________ in the urine.
Hematuria or RBCs
60
What is pyuria?
Pus in the urine
61
__________ Is important in managing such diseases as bacteriuria and renal calculi.
pH
62
Urine pH refers to...
The strength of the urine as a partly acidic or alkaline solution
63
If urine contains an increased concentration of hydrogen ions, the urine is an __________ __________.
Acidic solution
64
__________ __________ Is the measurement of the kidneys ability to concentrate urine.
Specific gravity
65
The concentration factor depends on the ...
Amount of dissolved waste products within it
66
__________ __________ Is especially low in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis.
Specific gravity
67
Renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis cause __________, which affects the ability of kidneys to concentrate urine.
Renal tubular damage
68
__________ Is RBCs in the urine and may indicate early renal disease.
Hematuria
69
An abundance of RBCs in the urine may be suggestive of...
Renal trauma, calculi, or pyelonephritis
Glomerular or vascular inflammatory - acute glomerulonephritis & renal infarction
70
__________ May be present whenever there is inflammation, infection, or necrosis.
Leukocytes
71
__________ Refers to the relative ratio of plasma to packed cell volume in the blood.
Hematocrit
72
A dressed hematocrit level occurs with acute __________ processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.
Hemorrhagic
73
The presence of hemoglobin in urine occurs whenever there is extensive damage or destruction of the functioning __________. This condition is injurious to the kidney and can cause __________.
Erythrocytes
Acute renal failure
74
__________ Is commonly found in patients with benign and malignant neoplasms, calculi, chronic infection, and pyelonephritis.
Albuminuria
75
__________ Is the combination of specific measurements of creatinine concentrations in urine and blood serum levels is considered an __________ for determining the glomerular filtration rate.
Creatinine clearance
Accurate index
76
A __________ urinary creatinine clearance indicates renal dysfunction because the decrease prevents the normal excretion of creatinine.
Decreased
77
__________ Is the concentration of urea nitrogen in blood, which is the end product of cellular metabolism.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
78
__________ Is formed in the liver and carried to the kidneys through the blood to be excreted in urine.
Urea
79
Impairment of __________ and increased __________ results in BUN elevation in relation to the degree of __________ and rate of __________ excreted by the kidneys.
Renal function and increased protein catabolism
Renal impairment and rate of urea nitrogen
80
Renal dysfunction will also result in __________.
Serum creatinine elevation
81
__________ Are said to be more specific and more sensitive in determining renal impairment than __________.
Blood serum creatinine levels
BUN
82
What should patients do to prepare their bodies for a renal US?
Be hydrated - 32 oz of water one hr prior to exam
NPO 6-8 hrs
83
Clinical findings...
```
UTI
Palpable mass
Elevated serum creatinine & BUN
Severe flank pain
Hematuria
Decreased urine output
Trauma
```
84
What transducer should be used to scan the ABD?
Highest frequency as possible ABD transducer
85
A scan with the patient in the supine position will show 3 distinct segments of the kidney:
Less echogenic medullary zone (numerous anechoic, triangle-shaped renal pyramids)
Moderately echogenic renal cortex
Highly reflective central renal sinus
86
The __________ and __________ have a distinct layer of very reflective echoes that distinguish a normal right kidney from the liver, or the left kidney from the spleen.
Renal capsule and perinephric fat
87
The renal arteries are located __________ from the aorta, and are easiest to see when the patient is __________ or in the __________ position.
Posterolateral
Supine or LLD
88
The __________ extends from the posterolateral aorta to the central renal sinus. On a longitudinal scan, it can be seen as a circular structure posterior to the IVC.
Right renal artery
89
Renal arteries lie __________ to the veins and can be seen with certainty if their junction with the aorta is seen.
Posterior
90
The __________ flows anterior to the aorta, posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to join the IVC.
Left renal vein
91
The __________ lies posterior to the renal arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and no Doppler flow.
Diaphragmatic crura
92
The __________ consists of hypoechoic pyramids in a uniform distribution separated by bands of intervening parenchyma that extends towards the __________.
Renal medulla
Renal sinus
93
The pyramids are __________ in size, and __________ in shape and distribution.
Uniform
Triangular
94
The apex of the pyramid points toward the __________, and the base lies adjacent to the __________.
Sinus
Renal cortex
95
The __________ lie at the base of the pyramids.
Arcuate vessels
96
The pyramids are located at the junction between the more __________ and the __________.
Perioheral renal cortex
Central sinus
97
6 variants of the urinary system?
```
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
Dromedary hump
Junctional parenchymal defect
Persistent fetal lobulation
Extrarenal pelvis
Horseshoe kidney
```
98
__________ Are the prominent invaginations of the cortex located at varying depths within the medullary substance of the kidneys.
Bertin's columns
99
__________ Is a cortical bulge that occur on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left. In some patients it may be so prominent that it looks like a neoplasm.
Dromedary hump
100
__________ Is a triangular echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that can be seen during normal sonographic scanning. Remnant of fusion site.
Junctional parenchymal defect
101
__________ Is a developmental variation that is seen. The surface of the kidney is indented between the calyces, giving the kidney a "lobulated" appearance.
Persistent fetal lobulation
102
The __________ tends to be larger, with long, major calyces.
Extrarenal pelvis
103
__________ Is a common normal variant that can be seen on sonographic examination.
Duplex collecting system
104
The __________ appears as two echogenic regions separated by a cleft of moderately echogenic tissue similar in appearance to the normal renal parenchyma.
Central renal sinus
105
Fusion anomalies of the kidneys include __________, and __________, which is the most common fusion anomaly.
Crossed renal ectopia
Horseshoe kidney
106
In a patient with a horseshoe kidney, there is a fusion of ...
The polar regions of the kidneys
107
__________ Is a condition that is characterized by the deposition of a moderate amount of fat in the renal sinus.
Sinus lipomatosis
108
__________ Is the absence or failure of formation
Agenesis
109
__________ Is a defective embryonic development
Dysgenesis
110
__________ Is exceeding the normal number
Supernumerary
111
__________ Is rare and results from unilateral renal agenesis
Solitary kidney
112
What will a sonographer look for to make a diagnosis of solitary kidney?
A small nonfunctioning kidney
Renal enlargement
113
If the kidney is not seen in the normal position in the renal fossa, where should be scanned next?
Retroperitoneum and pelvis
114
Most true ectopic kidneys are located in the __________ and may be __________.
Bony pelvis
Malrotated
115
A pelvic kidney may simulate a __________.
Solid adnexal mass
116
What is the modality of choice to evaluate the bladder?
Cystoscopy
117
Scanning of the bladder should be performed when the bladder is __________ to image the walls of the bladder.
Very full
118
US may evaluate residual urine within the bladder - __________.
Postvoid
119
Use color Doppler to evaluate the __________.
Ureteral jets
