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Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 4 - PANCREAS ✔️ > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

0
Q

_________ & _________ Are primary imaging modality.

A

CT and MRI

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1
Q

Location of the pancreas?

A

Retroperitoneum

Anterior pararenal space

Posterior to the lesser sac

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2
Q

What is a technical challenge of scanning the pancreas?

A

If there is dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis/a blockage in the bowl…this is called Ileus

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3
Q

The pancreas is a _________ gland bounded anteriorly by the _________ and _________ and posteriorly by the _________ and _________.

A

Retroperitoneal

Stomach and duodenum

AO and IVC

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4
Q

It is located deep in the _________ and _________ behind the lesser omental sac.

A

Epigastric

Left hypochondrium

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5
Q

The pancreas is generally found in a _________ line, extending from the concavity of the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen.

A

Horizontal - oblique

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6
Q

Approximate size of the pancreas?

A

12 cm long x 2 cm thick

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7
Q

This gland is divided into 3 major areas:

A

Head

Neck/body

Tail

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8
Q

The head of the pancreas is anterior to the _________ and _________, inferior to the _________ lobe of the liver and the _________, and lateral to the second portion of the _________.

A

IVC and left renal vein

Caudate and PV

Duodenum

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9
Q

It lies in the “_________” of the duodenum.

A

Lap

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10
Q

The _________ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the gland and posterior to the neck and body of the pancreas.

A

Superior mesenteric vein

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11
Q

The _________ is the small, curved tip at the end of the head of the pancreas.

A

Uncinate process

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12
Q

The uncinate process lies _________ to the IVC and _________ to the SMV.

A

Anterior

Posterior

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13
Q

The _________ passes through a groove posterior to the pancreatic head, and the _________ artery serves as the anterolateral border.

A

CBD

GDA

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14
Q

The neck is found directly anterior to the _________ or _________.

A

Portal-splenic confluence or SMV

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15
Q

The portal vein is formed posterior to the neck by the junction of the _________ and _________.

A

SMV and splenic vein

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16
Q

The body is the _________ part of the gland and lies posterior to the _________ and anterior to the origin of the _________.

A

Largest

Stomach

PV

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17
Q

It rests _________ to the AO, the origin of the SMA, the left renal vessels, the left adrenal glands, and the left kidney.

A

Anteriorly

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18
Q

The tortuous _________ is usually the superior border of the pancreatic body.

A

Splenic artery

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19
Q

The _________ courses to the posteromedial surface of the pancreas to join the main PV.

A

Splenic vein

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20
Q

The tail of the pancreas lies anterior to the _________, close to the _________ and left colic flexure.

A

Left kidney

Spleen

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21
Q

The splenic vein forms the _________ border, the stomach forms the _________ border.

A

Posterior

Superoanterior

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22
Q

_________ Is the primary duct extending the entire length of the gland.

A

Wirsung’s Duct

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23
Q

Wirsung’s duct receives tributaries from lobules at right angle and enters the medial second part of the _________ with the CBD at the _________. This is all guarded by the _________.

A

Duodenum

Ampulla of Vater

Sphincter of Oddi

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24
Q

_________ Is a secondary duct that drains the upper anterior head. It enters the duodenum at the minor papilla approximately _________ proximal to the Vater’s ampulla.

A

Santorini’s duct

2 cm

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25
Q

Which duct is smaller: Wirsung’s or Santorini’s?

A

Santorini’s

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26
Q

The normal length range is _________ cm. The head is the _________, measuring _________ cm. The neck is _________ cm. The body is _________ cm. The tail is _________ cm.

A

12-18 cm

Thickest, 2-3 cm

1.5-2.5 cm

2-2.5 cm

1-2 cm

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27
Q

Pancreas is _________ echogenic than the liver and _________ in echogenicity of the spleen depending on its texture.

A

More

Varies

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28
Q

The pancreas echotexture is _________.

A

Homogeneous

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29
Q

The surface of the pancreas is _________ to _________ (islets of langerhans).

A

Smooth to slightly lobular

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30
Q

Blood supply is from which 2 arteries?

A

Splenic

Pancreaticoduodenal

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31
Q

Venous drainage is through the tributaries of the _________ and the _________.

A

Splenic vein

SMV

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32
Q

The _________ originates from the anterior ABD AO and serves as the superior border of the pancreas.

A

Celiac axis

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33
Q

The Celia axis hives rise to what 3 branches?

A

Left gastric artery

Common hepatic artery

Splenic artery

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34
Q

The _________ arises from the celiac artery and runs along the superior margin of the gland, slightly anterior and posterior, to follow its vein.

A

Splenic artery

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35
Q

The _________ is seen in 30% of patients as it travels a short distance along the anterior aspect of the head just to the right of the neck before it divides into the superior pancreaticoduodenal branches.

A

GDA

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36
Q

The _________ arises from the AO inferior to the celiac axis and posterior to the lower portion of the body of the pancreas.

A

SMA

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37
Q

_________ Tissue is the most common anomaly.

A

Ectopic pancreatic

Variant

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38
Q

Ectopic pancreatic tissue is found in the form of _________ in various places in the _________ tract.

A

Intramural nodules

GI

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39
Q

What may develop within the ectopic pancreatic tissue?

A

Acute pancreatitis

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40
Q

An _________ pancreas is another CONGENITAL abnormality.

A

Annular

Variant

41
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

The head of the pancreas encircles the duodenum

May cause obstruction

More common in males

42
Q

What is pancreatic divisum?

A

Failure of fusion of the ducts

Unable to accurately diagnosis with US

Variant

43
Q

The pancreas is an _________ and _________ gland.

A

Exocrine and endocrine

44
Q

Small glands within the EXOCRINE gland are called?

A

Acini

45
Q

What enzymes are found within the EXOCRINE functioning of the pancreas?

A

Lipase

Amylase

Trypsin, chymotrypainogen, carbonxypeptidase

Nucleases

46
Q

Digestive action for lipase?

A

Deals with fats

May persist for a longer time than other exocrine enzymes

47
Q

Digestive action for amylase?

A

Deals with carbohydrates

48
Q

Digestive actions for Trypsin, chymotrypainogen, carbonxypeptidase?

A

Deals with proteins

49
Q

Digestive action for nucleases?

A

Deals with nucleic acids

50
Q

The ENDOCRINE function is represented by?

A

The islets of langerhans

51
Q

Regulation of pancreatic secretions are _________.

A

Complex

52
Q

_________ Is the most important agent which is produced in the duodenum.

A

Secretin

53
Q

The main hormones produced by the ENDOCRINE portion includes _________ and _________.

A

Insulin and glucagon

54
Q

What are the 3 pancreatic ENDOCRINE hormones?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

55
Q

For insulin, what is the cell type and action?

A

Beta

Glucose to glycogen

56
Q

For glucagon, what is the cell type and action?

A

Alpha

Glycogen to glucose

57
Q

For somatostatin, what is the cell type and action?

A

Delta

Alpha and beta inhibitor

58
Q

_________ Controls the blood sugar levels in the body.

A

Glucose

59
Q

Tumors of the islets of langerhans may have an increase or decrease of blood sugar levels?

A

Decrease

60
Q

An increase in blood sugar levels may be found what 3 diseases?

A

Severe diabetes

Chronic liver disease

Overactivity of endocrine glands

61
Q

Lab values for pancreatitis:

A

Elevated serum amylase

Elevated urine amylase

Elevated serum lipase - for a longer time

62
Q

_________ Is the most difficult ABD organ to image.

A

Pancreas

63
Q

Patient should fast _________ hrs before getting pancreas scanned so stomach is empty and GB and ducts can be seen too.

A

6-8

64
Q

Fasting causes less _________

A

Bowel gas

65
Q

Clinical symptoms for scanning the pancreas?

A 
Severe epigastric pain
ABD distention
Abn lab values
Unexplained weight loss
Nausea & vomiting
66
Q

What parts of the pancreas should be identified and in what planes?

A

Head, neck, body, and tail in long & trans

67
Q

What are we evaluating when scanning the pancreas?

A

Shape

Contour

Lie

Texture (compare with characteristics in liver)

68
Q

What technique can be used to fill the stomach for better visualization of the pancreatic area?

A

Water or fluid technique

32-300 ml of water through a straw in an upright position

69
Q

The texture depends on the amount of …

A

Fat between the lobules

70
Q

Internal echoes of the pancreas consist of _________ and _________ spaced elements of _________ intensity.

A

Regularly and closely

Uniform

71
Q

The pancreas is either as dense or more dense than the _________.

A

Liver

72
Q

_________ Increases with age.

A

Echogenicity

73
Q

The head is located to the right of the _________.

A

SMV

74
Q

The _________ is posterior to the head.

A

IVC

75
Q

The _________ is the anterior lateral border of the head.

A

GDA

76
Q

The _________ is lateral to the GDA by the head.

A

CBD

77
Q

The _________ is cranial to the head.

A

PV

78
Q

The _________ is directly posterior to the SMV by the head.

A

Uncinate process

79
Q

The head measurement is _________.

A

Less than or equal to 3 cm

80
Q

The neck is directly anterior to the _________.

A

SMV

81
Q

The _________ is formed behind the neck.

A

PV

82
Q

The neck measurement is _________.

A

Less than or equal to 2.5 cm

83
Q

The body is the _________ section of the pancreas.

A

Largest

84
Q

The body is anterior to the _________.

A

SMA

85
Q

The anterior border of the body is the posterior wall of the antrum of the _________.

A

Stomach

86
Q

The right lateral border of the body is the _________.

A

Neck

87
Q

The _________ courses along the posterior surface of the body.

A

SV

88
Q

The _________ begins to the left lateral margin.

A

Tail

89
Q

The body measurement is _________.

A

Less than or equal to 2.5 cm

90
Q

The _________ is the most difficult section of the pancreas to image.

A

Tail

91
Q

The tail begins to the left of the left lateral vertebral body and extends to the _________.

A

Splenic hilum

92
Q

The _________ courses along the posterior surface of the body and the tail.

A

SV

93
Q

The tail is anterior to the _________, posterior to the _________, and medial to the _________. List organs.

A

Left kidney

Stomach

Spleen

94
Q

The tail measurement is _________.

A

Less than or equal to 2 cm

95
Q

Common shapes the pancreas is called?

A 
Sausage
Dumbbell
Tadpole
Comma
Worm
96
Q

The _________ duct is seen more in the body than the tail.

A

Pancreatic

97
Q

The pancreatic duct appears as…

A

An echogenic line or lucency bordered by 2 echogenic lines

98
Q

The pancreatic duct measures _________.

A

2 mm

99
Q

The pancreatic duct decreases toward the _________.

A

Tail

100
Q

Do not confuse the pancreatic duct with _________.

A

Vascular structures

Spring 2014 - ABD TEST 4 - PANCREAS ✔️ (2 decks)

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