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A&P 2 (2024) > A&P 2 /// Exam 2 > Flashcards

A&P 2 /// Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What direction do arteries carry blood relative to the heart? Veins?

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

Veins: carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

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2
Q

What are the layers of the blood vessel wall?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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3
Q

Which vessels are considered exchange vessels?

A

True capillaries: actual vessels involved in exchange

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

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5
Q

Capillary bed

A

interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules

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6
Q

Vascular shunt

A

channel that connects arteriole directly with venule (metarteriole- thoroughfare channel)

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7
Q

what makes veins good storage vessels

A

Large lumen and thin walls

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8
Q

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body at any given time?

A

capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) because they contain up to 65% of blood supply

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9
Q

What has greatest influence on resistance and Frequent changes alter peripheral resistance?

A

Blood vessel diameter

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10
Q

Resistance = what?

A

Resistance ≈ 1 / radius^4

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11
Q

Where along the circulatory system does the most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow occur?

A
  • Small-diameter arterioles are major determinants of peripheral resistance
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12
Q

In the equation F = (change in) P/R which one is more important in influencing local blood flow?

A

R is more important in influencing local blood flow because it is easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter

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13
Q

Systemic pressure

A

Systemic pressure is highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway

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14
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?
What determines blood pressure?

A
  • Blood pressure (BP): force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
  • Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher- to lower-pressure areas
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15
Q

What is systolic vs diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • Systolic pressure: pressure exerted in the aorta during ventricular contraction
    • Averages 120 mm Hg in normal adult
  • Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
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16
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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17
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP): pressure that propels blood to tissues
  • MAP is calculated by adding diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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18
Q

What blood vessels have higher blood pressure? Lower?

A

Aorta, arteries, Arterioles (high)
capillaries, venules, veins, venae cavae (low)

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19
Q

What factors aid in venous return?

A
  1. Muscular pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Sympathetic venoconstriction
20
Q

Muscular pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow

21
Q

Respiratory pump

A

pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand

22
Q

Sympathetic venoconstriction

A

smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart

23
Q

What are the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to?

A

blood pressure

24
Q

what three main factors regulating blood pressure

A
  • Cardiac output (CO)
  • Peripheral resistance (PR)
  • Blood volume
25
(change in)P = CO  R
Shows that blood pressure (MAP) is directly proportional to CO and PR
26
MAP = SV x HR x R
* Anything that increases SV, HR, or R will also increase MAP - SV is effected by venous return (EDV) - HR is maintained by medullary centers - R is effected mostly by vessel diameter
27
What is located in carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of large arteries of neck and thorax
Baroreceptor reflexes
28
Carotid sinus reflex
baroreceptors that monitor BP to ensure enough blood to brain
29
Aortic reflex
maintains BP in systemic circuit
30
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2
31
What hormones affect blood pressure? How?
- Adrenal medulla hormones *Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland increase CO and vasoconstriction - Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction - ADH: high levels can cause vasoconstriction - Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases BP by antagonizing aldosterone, causing decreased blood volume
32
How do the kidneys affect blood pressure?
Kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure by: 1. Direct renal mechanism 2. Indirect renal mechanism (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone)
33
What are the different types of circulatory shock?
- Hypovolemic shock - Vascular shock -Cardiogenic shock
34
Hypovolemic shock
results from large-scale blood loss
35
Vascular shock
results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
36
Cardiogenic shock
results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
37
what is the definition of Intrinsic controls?
skeletal muscle arterioles dilate, increasing blood flow to muscle
38
what is the definition of Extrinsic controls?
decrease blood flow to other organs such as kidneys and digestive organs
39
What are the two types of intrinsic mechanisms that regulate blood flow? How do they work?
Metabolic controls (endothelins) Myogenic controls (stretch) * both determine final autoregulatory response
40
During exercise, what happens to skeletal muscle blood vessel diameter? That causes that change?
slide 54
41
What factors regulate cerebral blood flow? How?
- Metabolic controls *Decreased pH or increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasodilation - Decreased MAP causes cerebral vessels to dilate - Increased MAP causes cerebral vessels to constrict Brain vulnerable under extreme systemic
42
Blood flow through venous plexuses in which organ helps regulate body temperature?
Blood flow through venous plexuses [below skin surface] regulates body temperature
43
What are the two forces that determine fluid movements out of or into the blood vessels?
- Hydrostatic pressures - Colloid osmotic pressures
44
which lung is unusual; pathway is short?
Pulmonary circuit
45
Autoregulatory mechanisms are what?
opposite
46
What is edema?
abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid
47
what is Edma caused by?
Caused by either an increase in outward pressure (driving fluid out of the capillaries) or a decrease in inward pressure

A&P 2 (2024) (1 decks)

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