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A&P 2 (2024) > A&P 2 /// Exam 2 > Flashcards

A&P 2 /// Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What direction do arteries carry blood relative to the heart? Veins?

A

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

Veins: carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus

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2
Q

What are the layers of the blood vessel wall?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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3
Q

Which vessels are considered exchange vessels?

A

True capillaries: actual vessels involved in exchange

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

direct contact with tissue cells; directly serve cellular needs

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5
Q

Capillary bed

A

interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules

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6
Q

Vascular shunt

A

channel that connects arteriole directly with venule (metarteriole- thoroughfare channel)

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7
Q

what makes veins good storage vessels

A

Large lumen and thin walls

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8
Q

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body at any given time?

A

capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) because they contain up to 65% of blood supply

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9
Q

What has greatest influence on resistance and Frequent changes alter peripheral resistance?

A

Blood vessel diameter

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10
Q

Resistance = what?

A

Resistance ≈ 1 / radius^4

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11
Q

Where along the circulatory system does the most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow occur?

A
  • Small-diameter arterioles are major determinants of peripheral resistance
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12
Q

In the equation F = (change in) P/R which one is more important in influencing local blood flow?

A

R is more important in influencing local blood flow because it is easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter

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13
Q

Systemic pressure

A

Systemic pressure is highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway

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14
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?
What determines blood pressure?

A
  • Blood pressure (BP): force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
  • Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher- to lower-pressure areas
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15
Q

What is systolic vs diastolic blood pressure?

A
  • Systolic pressure: pressure exerted in the aorta during ventricular contraction
    • Averages 120 mm Hg in normal adult
  • Diastolic pressure: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
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16
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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17
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP): pressure that propels blood to tissues
  • MAP is calculated by adding diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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18
Q

What blood vessels have higher blood pressure? Lower?

A

Aorta, arteries, Arterioles (high)
capillaries, venules, veins, venae cavae (low)

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19
Q

What factors aid in venous return?

A
  1. Muscular pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Sympathetic venoconstriction
20
Q

Muscular pump

A

contraction of skeletal muscles “milks” blood back toward heart; valves prevent backflow

21
Q

Respiratory pump

A

pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand

22
Q

Sympathetic venoconstriction

A

smooth muscles constrict, pushing blood back toward heart

23
Q

What are the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to?

A

blood pressure

24
Q

what three main factors regulating blood pressure

A
  • Cardiac output (CO)
  • Peripheral resistance (PR)
  • Blood volume
25
Q

(change in)P = CO  R

A

Shows that blood pressure (MAP) is directly proportional to CO and PR

26
Q

MAP = SV x HR x R

A
  • Anything that increases SV, HR, or R will also increase MAP
  • SV is effected by venous return (EDV)
  • HR is maintained by medullary centers
  • R is effected mostly by vessel diameter
27
Q

What is located in carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of large arteries of neck and thorax

A

Baroreceptor reflexes

28
Q

Carotid sinus reflex

A

baroreceptors that monitor BP to ensure enough blood to brain

29
Q

Aortic reflex

A

maintains BP in systemic circuit

30
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes

A

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of neck detect increase in CO2, or drop in pH or O2

31
Q

What hormones affect blood pressure? How?

A
  • Adrenal medulla hormones
    *Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland increase CO and vasoconstriction
  • Angiotensin II stimulates vasoconstriction
  • ADH: high levels can cause vasoconstriction
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases BP by antagonizing aldosterone, causing decreased blood volume
32
Q

How do the kidneys affect blood pressure?

A

Kidneys regulate arterial blood pressure by:
1. Direct renal mechanism
2. Indirect renal mechanism (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone)

33
Q

What are the different types of circulatory shock?

A
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Vascular shock
    -Cardiogenic shock
34
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

results from large-scale blood loss

35
Q

Vascular shock

A

results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

36
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation

37
Q

what is the definition of Intrinsic controls?

A

skeletal muscle arterioles dilate, increasing blood flow to muscle

38
Q

what is the definition of Extrinsic controls?

A

decrease blood flow to other organs such as kidneys and digestive organs

39
Q

What are the two types of intrinsic mechanisms that regulate blood flow? How do they work?

A

Metabolic controls (endothelins)
Myogenic controls (stretch)

  • both determine final autoregulatory response
40
Q

During exercise, what happens to skeletal muscle blood vessel diameter? That causes that change?

A

slide 54

41
Q

What factors regulate cerebral blood flow? How?

A
  • Metabolic controls
    *Decreased pH or increased carbon dioxide cause marked vasodilation
  • Decreased MAP causes cerebral vessels to dilate
  • Increased MAP causes cerebral vessels to constrict
    Brain vulnerable under extreme systemic
42
Q

Blood flow through venous plexuses in which organ helps regulate body temperature?

A

Blood flow through venous plexuses [below skin surface] regulates body temperature

43
Q

What are the two forces that determine fluid movements out of or into the blood vessels?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressures
  • Colloid osmotic pressures
44
Q

which lung is unusual; pathway is short?

A

Pulmonary circuit

45
Q

Autoregulatory mechanisms are what?

A

opposite

46
Q

What is edema?

A

abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid

47
Q

what is Edma caused by?

A

Caused by either an increase in outward pressure (driving fluid out of the capillaries) or a decrease in inward pressure

A&P 2 (2024) (1 decks)

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