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A&P 2 Test 2 Albertson > A&P 2 Circulation > Flashcards

A&P 2 Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 wall layers of arteries and veins from external to internal?

A 
Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna (intima)
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2
Q

The Tuncina Externa is composed of what?

A

Elastic and collagen fibers (connective tissue)

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3
Q

The Tunica Media and Tunica Intima of Arteries contain what, that Veins do not?

A

External and Internal elastic lamina

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4
Q

What is continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart?

A

Endothelium

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5
Q

What are the 2 major types of arteries?

A

Elastic

Muscular

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6
Q

The Tunica Interna consists of what layers?

A

Internal elastic lamina (arterial)
Basement membrane layer
Endothelial cell layer

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7
Q

The Tunica Media consists of what layers?

A

External elastic lamina (arteries)

Smooth muscle layer

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8
Q

What does the Tunica Externa consists of?

A

Collagen fibers

Vasa Vasorum

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9
Q

What is a momentary storage of mechanical energy called?

A

Pressure Reservoir

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10
Q

Elastic arteries are also called?

A

Conducting arteries

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11
Q

What are the muscular arteries?

A

Brachial
Femoral
Axillary arteries

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12
Q

What is another name for muscular arteries?

A

Distributing arteries

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13
Q

The Tunica Externa Layer is thicker in what type of arteries?

A

Muscular arteries

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14
Q

A union of branches of two or more arteries supplying blood to the same region of the body are called?

A

Anastomoses

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15
Q

What is it called when anastomoses provide alternate routes for blood to reach an organ?

A

Collateral circulation

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16
Q

What are arteries that do not anastomose?

A

End-arteries

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17
Q

The Tunica Externa Layer of Arterioles consists of what?

A

Areolar Connective Tissue containing unmyelinated sympathetic nerves

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18
Q

A high firing rate of sympathetic tone will cause what to an artery?

A

Vasoconstriction

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19
Q

A low firing rate of sympathetic tone will cause what to an artery?

A

Vasodilation

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20
Q

Vasoconstriction of arterioles causes what?

A

Increased Blood Pressure

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21
Q

Vasodilation of arterioles causes what?

A

Decreased Blood Pressure

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22
Q

Branches off an arteriole that do not have a tunica media?

A

Metarterioles

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23
Q

What is the blood vessel that has the largest surface area?

A

Capillaries

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24
Q

The flow of blood from metarteriole through capillaries and into postcapillary venules is called?

A

Microcirculation

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25
Q

Capillaries are absent where?

A

Cornea
Lens of Eye
Cartilage

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26
Q

A network of 10-100 capillaries that arise from a single metarteriole is called?

A

Capillary bed

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27
Q

Contraction and relaxation of pre-capillary sphincters is called what and happens how often?

A

Vasomotion

5-10 times per minute

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28
Q

What is a metarteriole that has constricted sphincters to all capillaries except one?

A

Thoroughfare channel

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29
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

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30
Q

Most capillaries are what type?

A

Continuous

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31
Q

Where can you find continuous capillaries?

A

CNS
Lungs
Skin
Muscle Tissue

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32
Q

Where can you find Fenestrated Capillaries?

A 
Kidneys
Villi of Small Intestine
Choroid Plexus of Brain
Ciliary Process of Eyes
Most Endocrine Glands
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33
Q

Where can you find Sinusoid Capillaries?

A 
Spleen
Anterior Pituitary
Parathyroid
Bone Marrow
Adrenal Glands
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34
Q

Some parts of the body may pass blood from one capillary network to another capillary networks through what?

A

Portal system

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35
Q

What are small veins that receive blood flow directly from capillary beds?

A

Postcapillary venules

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36
Q

What is the last sire of metabolic exchange?

A

Postcapillary Venules

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37
Q

As postcapillary venules move away from capillaries they become what?

A

Muscular Venules

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38
Q

What can serve as reservoirs for large amounts of blood if needed?

A

Postcapillary and muscular venules

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39
Q

Blood exiting a laceration by a steady oozing flow means what was lacerated?

A

Vein

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40
Q

Blood exiting a laceration by spurting means what was lacerated?

A

Artery

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41
Q

What type of veins travel between skeletal muscles?

A

Deep veins

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42
Q

What type of veins lie within the subcutaneous layer of the skin?

A

Superficial veins

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43
Q

What is the Blood Distribution breakdown?

A 
64% - veins and venules
13% - arteries and arterioles
9% - pulmonary blood vessels
7% - capillaries
7% - heart
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44
Q

Substances enter and leave capillaries by what three basic mechanisms?

A

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow

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45
Q

What is the most important method of exchange where the substances move down the concentration gradient?

A

Diffusion

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46
Q

Filtration is described as?

A

Fluid and solutes “from” CAPILLARIES into interstitial fluid

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47
Q

Reabsorption is described as?

A

Fluids and solutes “from” INTERSTITIAL FLUID into blood

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48
Q

What is the equation for Net Filtration Pressure?

A

NFP = (BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)

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49
Q

BHP stands for what and does what?

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

“Pushes fluid from capillaries into interstitial space”

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50
Q

IFOP stands for what and does what?

A

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure

“Pulls fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid”

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51
Q

BCOP stands for what and does what?

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

“Pulls fluid from interstitial space into capillaries”

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52
Q

IFHP stands for what and does what?

A

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure

“Pushes fluid out of interstitial space into capillaries”

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53
Q

How much of the fluid filtered out of capillaries is reabsorbed?

A

~85%

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54
Q

What will happen to blood flow if you increase the length of the tubule?

A

Flow will DECREASE

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55
Q

As the pressure gradient against the tubule increases, what will happen to the flow?

A

Increases

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56
Q

If the viscosity of a tubule is increased; what will happen to the flow/

A

Decreases

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57
Q

The smaller the lumen, the _______the resistance of blood flow?

A

Greater “slower flow”

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58
Q

When arterioles dilate, resistance ______, and then blood pressure_______.

A

Decreases, decreases

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59
Q

When arterioles constrict, resistance ______, and then blood pressure_______.

A

Increases, increases

60
Q

Blood viscosity is what?

A

Ratio of red blood cells to plasma volume

61
Q

The higher the viscosity, the ______the resistance?

A

Higher “slower flow”

62
Q

What effect does dehydration have on viscosity and BP?

A

Increases viscosity and BP

63
Q

As the cross sectional area increases, what happens to the velocity?

A

Decreases

64
Q

What is the usual blood circulation time for a single drop of blood in a healthy adult?

A

1 minute

65
Q

If pressure in the right atria or ventricle increases, venous return______?

A

Decreases

66
Q

What are 2 mechanisms that help return blood to the right side of the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

67
Q

When standing at rest, the distal and proximal venous valves are _______?

A

Both OPEN

68
Q

When the leg muscles contract (tiptoes), the proximal and distal venous valves?

A

Proximal OPENS

Distal CLOSES

69
Q

After standing on your tiptoes, the proximal and distal venous valves?

A

Proximal CLOSES

Distal OPENS

70
Q

What does the chemoreceptors reflex do?

A

Monitors concentration of various CHEMICALS in blood and STRECH

71
Q

Two chemoreceptors and what do they do?

A

Carotid bodies- receptors in carotid arteries

Aortic bodies- receptors in aortic arch

72
Q

What activates the chemoreceptors reflex? Examples of this and what the response it?

A

Changes in blood concentration of O2, CO2, and H+

Hypoxia- Reduced O2
Acidosis- Increased H+
Hypercapnia- Increased CO2

  • Response is VASOCONSTRICTION and INCREASED BP
73
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Monitor changes in PRESSURE and STRECH in VESSLE WALLS

74
Q

What activates baroreceptors?

A

The stretching of the carotid sinus or aortic arch receptors.

75
Q

What are the two baroreceptors and what do they regulate?

A

Carotid Sinus Reflex- Regulates BP in the BRAIN

Aortic Reflex- Regulates SYSTEMIC BP

76
Q

In the carotid sinus reflex where do nerve impulses propagate?

A

From sinus baroreceptor over sensory axons in glossopharyngeal nerves then into cv

77
Q

In the aortic reflex where do nerve impulses propagate?

A

From baroreceptors reach the cv center via sensory axons of vagus nerves

78
Q

What happens when the baroreceptors are stretched less?

A
  • Causes drop in BP
  • Nerve impulses to be sent SLOWER rate to CV center
  • CV center DECREASES parasympathetic stimulation through vagus nerves and INCREASES sympathetic stimulation through cardiac accelerator nerves
  • This INCREASES the BP back to normal levels
79
Q

What happens when the baroreceptors are stretched more?

A
  • Causes increase in BP
  • Nerve impulses are sent FASTER rate to CV center
  • CV center INCREASES parasympathetic stimulations through the vagus nerves and DECREASES sympathetic stimulations through the cardiac accelerator nerves
  • This DECREASES the BP back to normal rate
80
Q

What is the pressure gradient throughout the body?

A
  • BP progressively DROPS as the distance INCREASES from the left ventricle
81
Q

What does the BP drop to by the time the blood reaches the capillary levels

A

35mmHG

82
Q

What does the BP drop to when it reaches the venous ends of capillary levels?

A

16mmHG

83
Q

What is the estimated BP when it reaches the right vertical?

A

0mmHG

84
Q

Systolic BP and Diastolic BP in arteries

A
  • Highest BP in arteries during systole

- Lowest BP in arteries during diastole

85
Q

BP is determined by

A
  • Cardiac Output
  • Blood Volume
  • Vascular Resistance
86
Q

What happens at the capillary level during vasomotion?

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of pre-capillary sphincter
  • Ensures capillary bed receives blood flow during rest
  • Happens 5-10 times a minute
87
Q

Alternate name for elastic arteries

A

Conducting arteries

-Conduct blood from heart to medium sized muscular arteries

88
Q

Alternate name for muscular arteries

A

Distributing arteries

-Continue to branch and distribute blood to each of the organs

89
Q

Alternate name for arterioles

A

Resistance vessels

-Resistance is due to blood rubbing against vessel wall

90
Q

Alternate name for capillaries

A

Exchange vessels

- exchange substances between blood and interstitial fluid

91
Q

What happens during inhalation of the respiratory pump?

A

Diaphragm move downward causing DECREASE in pressure in thoracic cavity, INCREASE in abdominal cavity pressure

92
Q

What happens to the abdominal veins during inhalation of the respiratory pump?

A

Abdominal veins are compressed pushing GREATER volume of blood through thoracic cavity towards the heart

93
Q

What happens during exhalation of the respiratory pump?

A

Diaphragm move upward causing INCREASE in thoracic cavity pressure, but DECREASE in abdominal cavity pressure

94
Q

What happens to the valves during exhalation of the respiratory pump?

A

Valves CLOSE preventing black flow from thoracic veins into abdomen

95
Q

What is the cross sectional area concept?

A

Area INCREASES, velocity DECREASES

96
Q

Which part of the body has the largest cross sectional area and what is its velocity?

A

Capillaries

- Slowest velocity

97
Q

Which part of the body has the smallest cross sectional area and what is its velocity?

A

Aorta

-Fastest velocity

98
Q

What cells release chemicals that indirectly alter blood vessels?

A

WBC’s, Platelets, Smooth muscle fibers, Macrophages, Endothelial cells

99
Q

Which are the vasodilating chemicals?

A

K+, H+, lactic acid, adenosine, nitric oxide (NO), kinins, histamine

100
Q

What are the vasoconstricting chemicals?

A

Thromboxane A2, Surperoxide radicals, Serotonin, Endothelins

101
Q

In Poiseuille’s Law CO becomes distributed into circulatory route by two factors?

A

Flow

Resistance

102
Q

How is flow affected?

A
  • Pressure gradient from one end of the tube to the other
  • Radius of the tube to the fourth power
  • Viscosity of the fluid
  • Length of tube
103
Q

How is resistance affected?

A
  • Radius of the tube to the fourth power
  • Viscosity of fluid
  • Length of the tube
104
Q

The longitudinal pressure gradient is proportional how?

A

Directly

105
Q

The radius of the tube to the fourth power is proportional how?

A

Directly

106
Q

The viscosity of the fluid is proportional how?

A

Inversely

107
Q

The length of the tube is proportional how?

A

Inversely

108
Q

Volume of fluid and salutes reabsorbed is near the volume of the fluid filtered

A

Starling’s Law

109
Q

What are significant sites of exchange of nutrients and wastes and is the last site for?

A

Post capillary venules

- metabolic exchange

110
Q

Where does the blood brain barrier lack?

A

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland

111
Q

What does the blood brain barrier allow?

A

Capillary exchange to occurs more freely

112
Q

What is the tone of the sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

  • High rate of firing: vasoconstriction
  • Low rate of firing: vasodilation
113
Q

What do epi / norepinephrine do?

A
  • Both INCREASE CO by INCREASING rate and force of contraction
  • Cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and veins in the SKIN and ABDOMINAL GLANDS
  • Cause vasodilatation of arterioles and veins in CADIAC and SKELETAL
114
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular center, where is it located, what does it help regulate?

A
  • Located in the medulla oblongata
  • Helps regulate HR and SV
  • Controls neural, Humoral, and local feedback systems that help regulate BP
115
Q

The vasomotor center is made up of and what does it do?

A

Vasoconstrictor center- neurons that cause contraction of vessels

Vasodilator center- neurons that cause dilation of vessels

116
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure, calculation, definition, and normal vs abnormal?

A

Is the average BP in arteries

  • roughly 1/3 of the way between diastolic and systolic pressures
  • pressure needed to perfuse vital organs

MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP- diastolic BP)

Normal MAP: 70-100

117
Q

What happens during tanscytosis?

A
  • Small quantity of material crosses capillary walls
  • substances in blood plasma become enclosed in tiny Pinocchio vesicles
    (Endocytosis followed by exocytosis)
  • Used mainly for large, lipid-insoluble molecules
118
Q

What sets the resting level of vascular resistance?

A

Vasomotor / vascular tone

119
Q

Where does diffusion occur?

A
  • Intercellular clefts/ fenestrations
  • Endothelial cell lipid bilayer
  • ????
  • Brain capillaries
120
Q

How does diffusion occur in intercellular clefts/ fenestrations?

A

Through water soluble substances

-Glucose and amino acids

121
Q

How does diffusion occur in endothelial cell lipid bilayer?

A

Lipid soluble substances

- O2, CO2, steroid hormones

122
Q

How does diffusion occur in the brain capillaries?

A

Only allow few substances to diffuse

  • Water, some gases, lipid soluble molecules
  • Others like glucose and amino acids are selectivity transported (carrier mediated)

Most areas of brain have continuous capillaries

  • Very “tight” junctions
  • Endothelial cells very closely packed together
  • Blocks many substances from passing though this blood-brain barrier

Certain parts of brain lack blood-brain barrier and allow capillary exchange to occur more freely
-Hypothalamus, penal gland, pituitary gland

123
Q

During diffusion O2 does what?

A

Diffuse down their concentration gradient into interstitial fluid
-because they have high concentration in blood then tissue/interstitial fluid

124
Q

During diffusion CO2 does what?

A

Diffuses down their concentration gradient into blood

-because cells are higher in concentration in interstitial fluid

125
Q

Most RBC’s and plasma proteins cannot pass through continuous or fenestrated capillary walls as they are too big so they have to pass though where?

A

Sinusoids

  • Liver (proteins)
  • Bone marrow (RBCs)
126
Q

Passive process by which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in same direction?

A

Bulk Flow

127
Q

What rate of movement is much greater than diffusion?

A

Bulk Flow

  • Movement from high pressure to low pressure
  • Continues as long as a pressure difference exists
128
Q

What is diffusion more important for?

A

Solute exchange

129
Q

What is bulk flow more important for?

A

Regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

130
Q

Pressure blood exerts against blood vessel walls

A

BHP

131
Q

Force caused by colloidal suspension of proteins in plasma

A

BCOP

132
Q

Normally small pressure, only small amounts of protein present in interstitial fluid

A

IFOP

133
Q

Opposing pressure to BHP

A

IFHP

134
Q

Input to CV center

A

Higher brain regions cerebral cortex, lambic system, hypothalamus

135
Q

Output from CV center

A

Flows along sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of ANS

Sympathetic impulses reach heart via cardiac accelerator nerves (thoracic vertebrae)
-Increase HR and contractility

Parasympathetic impulses conveyed along vagus nerves
-Decrease HR

136
Q

What happens to the excess filtered fluid and plasma proteins that escape from blood into interstitial fluid and what percent? (Not reabsorbed)

A

Enter lymphatic capillaries (~15%)

137
Q

What is unique about the sinusoids?

A
  • Wider then others
  • Incomplete or absent basement membranes
  • Unusual large fenestrations
  • Large intercellular clefts
  • Specialized lining
138
Q

What portal system pass from one capillary network into another capillary network in the liver?

A

Hepatic portal circulation

139
Q

What portal system pass from one capillary network into another capillary network in the pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

140
Q

Major elastic arteries?

A 
Aorta
Braciosephalic 
Common carotids
Common iliacs 
Pulmonary trunk 
Subclavian
141
Q

What does the tunica externa in the muscular arteries?

A

Thicker then elastic arteries

  • Fibroblasts
  • Nerve fibers
  • Some collagen
  • Elastin
142
Q

What does the tunica media in the muscular arteries?

A
  • Contains much more smooth muscle but less elastic fibers

- Adjusts rate of blood flow

143
Q

What does the tunica intima in the muscular arteries?

A

Endothelial cells

144
Q

What does the tunica externa in the elastic arteries?

A

Fibroblasts, nerve fibers, and vasa vasorum (blood vessel network)

145
Q

What does the tunica media in the elastic arteries?

A
  • More elastic fibers called elastic lamellar than other vessels
  • More collagen fibers
  • Minimal smooth muscle
146
Q

What does the tunica intima in the elastic arteries?

A

Endothelial and myointimal cells with supporting layer of elastin rich collagen

147
Q

Subdivisions of systemic circulation

A

Coronary
Cerebral
Hepatic Portal

A&P 2 Test 2 Albertson (1 decks)

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