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Nursing > A & P > Flashcards

A & P Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Anatomy

A

the study of structure of the body
(ex: bones, muscles, membranes)

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2
Q

Definition of Physiology

A

the study of functions of how our body functions
(ex: heart responds to temperature, sweat)

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3
Q

The Levels of organization

A

Atoms (smallest unit of a chemical)
Molecules (consists of 2 or more atoms)
Macromolecules (composed of small)
Cells (basic unit of life)
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

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4
Q

Characteristics of Life shared by all organisms

A

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Movement
Metabolism

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5
Q

Maintenance of Life

A

Water- most abundant chemical
Other Chemicals- O2, nutrients
Heat- temperature controls all reaction rates
Pressure- breathe, circulation

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6
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintaining stable internal environment

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7
Q

Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

Stimulus- a change in the internal environment
Receptors- senses change
Control Center (Set point)- the change is compared to the set point
Effectors- muscle/gland make a change
Response- the change is corrected

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8
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Occurs in most homeostatic mechanisms, brings back to set point
(ex: when youre cold, your vessels constrict, you shiver)

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9
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Unstable conditions, furthest away from set point
(ex: child birth)

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10
Q

Different Membranes

A

Pleural- thoracic cavity/lungs
Pericardial
Peritoneal

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11
Q

Body Cavities

A

Axial- head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular- upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

Axial Body Cavity Contains

A

Cranial Cavity- brain
Vertebral Cavity- spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity- heart, lungs, mediastinum
Abdominal Cavity- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestines
Pelvic Cavity- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelivic cavities

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13
Q

Body systems and their functions

A

Integumentary- protect (skin)
Skeletal- support and protect (bones)
Muscular- movement (muscles)
Nervous- integrate and communicate (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Endocrine- integrate and communicate (pituitary, pancreas, and more)
Cardiovascular- transport (blood vessels, heart)
Lymphatic- transport and immune (lymph node, thymus, spleen)
Digestive- digest (stomach, intestines, and more)
Respiratory- exchange O2 and CO2 (lungs and air passages)
Urinary- excretion (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)
Reproductive- produce offspring (male and female organs)

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14
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward

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15
Q

Superior

A

above another part

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16
Q

Inferior

A

below another part

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16
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

front

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17
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

back

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18
Q

Medial

A

closer to the midline

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19
Q

Lateral

A

towards the side, away from midline

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20
Q

Ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of body

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20
Q

Bilateral

A

paired structures with one on each side

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21
Q

Contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of body

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

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23
Q

Distal

A

further from point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part

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24
Q

Superficial or peripheral

A

near the surface or outward

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25
Q

Deep

A

more internal than other structure

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26
Q

Sagittal

A

divides body into left and right portions

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27
Q

Midsagittal

A

divides body into EQUAL left and right portions

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28
Q

Transverse (horizontal)

A

divides body into upper (superior) and lower portions (inferior)

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29
Q

Frontal (coronal)

A

divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

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30
Q

9 Abdominal Regions

A

Epigastric- upper middle part
Right and left hypochondriac- to the sides of the epigastric region
Umbilical- middle part
Right and left lateral (lumbar)- to the sides of the umbilical region
Pubic (hypogastric)- lower middle part
Right and left inguinal (iliac)- to the sides of pubic region

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31
Q

4 abdominal quadrants

A

Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower

32
Q

Definition of Chemistry

A

the branch of science that deals with the composition and characteristics of chemicals

33
Q

Definition of Matter

A

anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space (living and nonliving things)
all matter is composed of elements

34
Q

Definition of Elements

A

the smallest units of matter with specific chemical properties

35
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest unit of an element

36
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

attractions between 2 or more atoms

37
Q

Atomic Structure

A

Nucleus- central portion of an atom containing protons and neutrons

38
Q

Protons

A

they have a positive charge

39
Q

Neutrons

A

uncharges

40
Q

Electrons

A

they have a negative charge

41
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons become charged

42
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the atom of an element

43
Q

What is a mass number?

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus

44
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers

45
Q

What are shells?

A

areas of space around the nucleus. this is where electrons are found

46
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

when oppositely charged ions attract each other

47
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

when atoms share electrons in order to fill their outermost shells and become stable

48
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule (H2O, C6H12O6)

49
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

uses single lines to illustrate single bonds, double lines represent double bonds

50
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

when bonds are formed or broken between atoms, ions, or molecules

51
Q

What are reactants?

A

Substances that are changes by a reaction

52
Q

What are products?

A

the result of an action or process

53
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

when larger molecules are broken into smaller ones

AB + A—> B

54
Q

What is a synthesis reactions?

A

when two or more atoms or molecules bond together, forming a more complex product

A + B —->AB

55
Q

What are exchange reactions?

A

when molecules switch places by breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones

AB + CD —> AD + CB

56
Q

What are reversable reactions?

A

when the products can change back into reactants. they are symbolized by using double arrows

AB + CD <—–> AD + CB

57
Q

What are catalysts?

A

they influence the speed of chemical reactions without being used up in the process

58
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances that release ions in water that can carry electric charge in the body

59
Q

What are bases?

A

Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions

60
Q

What are acids?

A

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

61
Q

pH scale range

A

0-14
0-7 is more acidic
7-14 is more alkaline or basic

62
Q

Normal blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

63
Q

Organic vs inorganic molecules

A

Organic: contain both hydrogen and carbon, do not release ions and can dissolve in water (non electrolytes)
ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Inorganic: usually dissolve in water and release ions (electrolytes)
ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts

63
Q

What are buffers?

A

chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases to help minimize pH changes

64
Q

Inorganic substance: water

A

most abundant compound, important for transporting solutes in the body, absorbs and transports heat

65
Q

Inorganic Substance: oxygen

A

needed to release energy from nutrients, inspired in the lungs

66
Q

Inorganic Substance: Carbon dioxide

A

waste product during metabolic reactions, expired in the lungs

66
Q

Inorganic substances: salts

A

consisting of oppositely charged ions,

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Nursing (2 decks)

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