A & P Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
the study of structure of the body
(ex: bones, muscles, membranes)
Definition of Physiology
the study of functions of how our body functions
(ex: heart responds to temperature, sweat)
The Levels of organization
Atoms (smallest unit of a chemical)
Molecules (consists of 2 or more atoms)
Macromolecules (composed of small)
Cells (basic unit of life)
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism
Characteristics of Life shared by all organisms
Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Movement
Metabolism
Maintenance of Life
Water- most abundant chemical
Other Chemicals- O2, nutrients
Heat- temperature controls all reaction rates
Pressure- breathe, circulation
Define homeostasis
Maintaining stable internal environment
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
Stimulus- a change in the internal environment
Receptors- senses change
Control Center (Set point)- the change is compared to the set point
Effectors- muscle/gland make a change
Response- the change is corrected
Negative Feedback
Occurs in most homeostatic mechanisms, brings back to set point
(ex: when youre cold, your vessels constrict, you shiver)
Positive Feedback
Unstable conditions, furthest away from set point
(ex: child birth)
Different Membranes
Pleural- thoracic cavity/lungs
Pericardial
Peritoneal
Body Cavities
Axial- head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular- upper and lower limbs
Axial Body Cavity Contains
Cranial Cavity- brain
Vertebral Cavity- spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity- heart, lungs, mediastinum
Abdominal Cavity- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of intestines
Pelvic Cavity- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelivic cavities
Body systems and their functions
Integumentary- protect (skin)
Skeletal- support and protect (bones)
Muscular- movement (muscles)
Nervous- integrate and communicate (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Endocrine- integrate and communicate (pituitary, pancreas, and more)
Cardiovascular- transport (blood vessels, heart)
Lymphatic- transport and immune (lymph node, thymus, spleen)
Digestive- digest (stomach, intestines, and more)
Respiratory- exchange O2 and CO2 (lungs and air passages)
Urinary- excretion (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)
Reproductive- produce offspring (male and female organs)
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward
Superior
above another part
Inferior
below another part
Anterior (ventral)
front
Posterior (dorsal)
back
Medial
closer to the midline
Lateral
towards the side, away from midline
Ipsilateral
structures on the same side of body
Bilateral
paired structures with one on each side
Contralateral
structures on opposite sides of body
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part
Distal
further from point of attachment to trunk or another referenced body part
Superficial or peripheral
near the surface or outward
Deep
more internal than other structure
Sagittal
divides body into left and right portions
Midsagittal
divides body into EQUAL left and right portions
Transverse (horizontal)
divides body into upper (superior) and lower portions (inferior)
Frontal (coronal)
divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
9 Abdominal Regions
Epigastric- upper middle part
Right and left hypochondriac- to the sides of the epigastric region
Umbilical- middle part
Right and left lateral (lumbar)- to the sides of the umbilical region
Pubic (hypogastric)- lower middle part
Right and left inguinal (iliac)- to the sides of pubic region
4 abdominal quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
Definition of Chemistry
the branch of science that deals with the composition and characteristics of chemicals
Definition of Matter
anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space (living and nonliving things)
all matter is composed of elements
Definition of Elements
the smallest units of matter with specific chemical properties
What are atoms?
the smallest unit of an element
What are chemical bonds?
attractions between 2 or more atoms
Atomic Structure
Nucleus- central portion of an atom containing protons and neutrons
Protons
they have a positive charge
Neutrons
uncharges
Electrons
they have a negative charge
What are ions?
atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons become charged
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the atom of an element
What is a mass number?
the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
What is an isotope?
atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
What are shells?
areas of space around the nucleus. this is where electrons are found
What is an ionic bond?
when oppositely charged ions attract each other
What is covalent bonding?
when atoms share electrons in order to fill their outermost shells and become stable
What is a molecular formula?
represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule (H2O, C6H12O6)
What is a structural formula?
uses single lines to illustrate single bonds, double lines represent double bonds
What is a chemical reaction?
when bonds are formed or broken between atoms, ions, or molecules
What are reactants?
Substances that are changes by a reaction
What are products?
the result of an action or process
What are decomposition reactions?
when larger molecules are broken into smaller ones
AB + A—> B
What is a synthesis reactions?
when two or more atoms or molecules bond together, forming a more complex product
A + B —->AB
What are exchange reactions?
when molecules switch places by breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones
AB + CD —> AD + CB
What are reversable reactions?
when the products can change back into reactants. they are symbolized by using double arrows
AB + CD <—–> AD + CB
What are catalysts?
they influence the speed of chemical reactions without being used up in the process
What are electrolytes?
Substances that release ions in water that can carry electric charge in the body
What are bases?
Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions
What are acids?
Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
pH scale range
0-14
0-7 is more acidic
7-14 is more alkaline or basic
Normal blood pH range
7.35-7.45
Organic vs inorganic molecules
Organic: contain both hydrogen and carbon, do not release ions and can dissolve in water (non electrolytes)
ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Inorganic: usually dissolve in water and release ions (electrolytes)
ex: water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
What are buffers?
chemicals that combine with excess acids or bases to help minimize pH changes
Inorganic substance: water
most abundant compound, important for transporting solutes in the body, absorbs and transports heat
Inorganic Substance: oxygen
needed to release energy from nutrients, inspired in the lungs
Inorganic Substance: Carbon dioxide
waste product during metabolic reactions, expired in the lungs
Inorganic substances: salts
consisting of oppositely charged ions,
