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A+P Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sympathetic chain?

A

Sympathetic chain: ganglionated chain present bilaterally extending from base of skull to coccyx

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2
Q

what does the sympathetic chain divide into?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments

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3
Q

what do preganglionic sympathetic neurones release?

A

ACh

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4
Q

what do postganglionic neurones release?

A

noradrenaline

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5
Q

what is the function of postganglionic sympathetic neurones?

A

: vasoconstricting blood vessels, regulation of glandular secretion, inhibiting smooth muscle contraction in the GI system

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6
Q

where is visceral pain felt?

A

visceral pain is felt near viscera or in a cutaneous area or other tissue whose somatic afferents enter spinal segments that receive visceral afferent form viscera

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7
Q

where does the anterior and middle cerebral artery arise from?

A

internal carotid

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8
Q

where does vertebral artery arise from?

A

subclavian

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9
Q

on CT you can see sylvan fissure, what is located underneath?

A

temporal lobe

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10
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

when na channels are closed and inactivated, no new AP can be generated  absolute refractory period

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11
Q

what is the relative refractory period?

A

some Na channels are in resting state and new AP can be initiated if stimulus are strong enough

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12
Q

why are the refractory periods?

A
  • These mechanisms help limit rate of firing
  • Prevent antidromic conduction (helps AP can go in correct directional – unidirectional)
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13
Q

how does BOTOX work?

A

toxins that cleave snare proteins and prevent NT release
- no action at NMJ

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14
Q

what is neuromytonia?

A

chronic muscle stiffness and hypertonia

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15
Q

what is the pathology of neuro myotonia?

A
  • AB created against presynaptic potassium channel
  • Nerve is then in constant state of depolarisation and transmitter release
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16
Q

what is the pathology of myasthenia gravis?

A
  • AB targeting nicotinic AChR
  • Muscle weakness and fatigability that worsens on exercise
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17
Q

what is recuronium?

A

acting on NMJ
- Competitive muscle relaxants eg rocuronium  antagonise the action of Ach on nACHRs
used in anaesthetics

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18
Q

what is the MOA of suxamethonium?

A
  • Depolarising muscle relaxants eg suxamethonium  activate nAChRs
    anaesthetics
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19
Q

how does anticholinesterases eg neostigmine work?

A

reverse effects of competitive muscle relaxants by increasing amount of Ach present of synapse

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20
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobe

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21
Q

what sits behind the lateral sulcus?

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Higher intellect
  • Personality
  • Mood
  • Social conduct
  • Language  dominant hemisphere only
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23
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Language
  • Visuospatial functions eg 2 point discrimination on non dominant side
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24
Q

what is seen within frontal lobe pathology?

A

personality/ behavioural changes, inability to solve problems

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25
Q

what is seen within parietal lobe pathology?

A

attention deficits eg contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome  patint does not pay attention to side of body opposite to lesion

26
Q

what is seen within temporal lobe pathology?

A

recognition deficits
not understanding basic sounds
failure to recognise faces

27
Q

what is agnosia?

A

recognition deficits

28
Q

what is auditory agnosia?

A

inability to comprehend basic sounds

29
Q

what is prosopagnosia?

A

inability to recognise faces

30
Q

what would be seen within occipital lobe pathology?

A

visual field defects
contralateral hemianopia

31
Q

what would occur within global lesions?

A

: severe cognitive defects eg dementia  patients can not answer simple questions like their name, date, location

32
Q

what is aphasia?

A

acquired loss of language and ability to verbally communicate language

33
Q

what is the function of brocas area?

A

associated with speech production and articulation
- Articulate ideas and use words correctly
- Spoken or written language

34
Q

how would pathology of Broca’s area present?

A

can understand but can not find correct words
will be irritated

35
Q

what is the function of wernickes area?

A

involved in comprehension
- Language processing
- Written or spoken

36
Q

how would wernickes area pathology present?

A

can find words but can not understand and then reply with fluent nonsense
will be okay - they do not relaise they are talking nonsense

37
Q

what is global aphasia?

A

damage in both brocas and wernickes area

37
Q

what occurs in the angular gyrus?

A

multiple types of language related info whether auditory, visual or sensory
- Allows us to associate a perceived word with different images, sensations and ideas
- Close to parietal lobe which processes tactile sensation

38
Q

describe features of global aphasia

A
  • All aspects and speech and language are affected
  • Can only understand a few phrases and words
  • Can not read or write or repeat words said to them
  • Can not carry out commands or name objects
38
Q

what structures is the angular gyrus close to?

A

occipital - visual analysis
temporal lobe - processing sounds

39
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

motor control
active in coordination, precision, timing of movement s

40
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of?

A

lower brainstem - cerebellum, pons and medulla

41
Q

what is the function of the hindbrain?

A

fundamental to survival
- Respiratory rhythm
- Motor activity
- Sleep
- Wakefulness

42
Q

what is the function of spinocerebellum?

A
  • Regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
  • Proprioceptive movements
43
Q

what is the function of vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Controlling balance and ocular reflexes
  • Fixation on targets
  • Inputs from vestibular and sends outputs back
44
Q

what does the pyramidal descending tract do?

A

voluntary control of musculature of body and face

45
Q

where do the extrapyramidal tracts run within descending tracts?

A

originate in brainstem and carry info to spinal cord

46
Q

what is the function of extrapyramidal tracts?

A
  • Involuntary and automatic control of musculature eg muscle tone, balance, posture and locomotion
47
Q

what are the meninges?

A

membranous covering of brain and spinal cord

48
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges?

A

DAP
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

49
Q

what are the functions of meninges?

A
  • Supportive framework for cerebral and cranial vasculature
  • Acting with cerebrospinal fluid to protect CNS from mechanical damage
50
Q

describe the dura mater layer?

A

outermost layer and located underneath bones of skull and vertebral column
- Thick, tough and inextensible
- Has two layers of connective sheets: periosteal layer and meningeal layer

51
Q

where are the Dural venous sinuses located?

A

venous drainage of cranium and empty into jugular vein

52
Q

describe arachnoid layer

A

middle layer
- Consists of connective tissue, avascular and has no innervation
- Underneath is sub-arachnoid space

53
Q

what is located underneath sub-arachnoid space?

A

CSF

54
Q

what does pia mater cover?

A

very thin
follows contours of brain - gyri and fissures

55
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A
  • Acts to modulate and refine cortical activity eg controlling descending motor pathways
    reduces a lot of excitatory input
56
Q

what is white matter?

A

axons

57
Q

what is grey matter?

A

cell bodies

58
Q

why is it important that the basal ganglia reduces excitatory input?

A

to prevent excessive/ exaggerated movements

59
Q
A

neuro (12 decks)

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