A&P Flashcards
Name the two groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into
Axial
Appendicular
Name the acid that is made in the stomach.
Hydrochloric
The spinal nerves arise from both sides of the spinal cord; what do they emerge through?
Intervertebral or neural foramina or foramen
Describe where sebaceous glands are located and their function
They are located in the dermis. They secrete an oily fluid (sebum) to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
Where is the aortic bifurcation located, and what arteries does it divide into?
It is located at the distal end of the abdominal aorta at which point the artery divides into the common iliac arteries.
The cystic duct drains which organ?
Gall bladder
Name the two extensions of nerve cells which form the white matter of the nervous system.
Axon(s)
Dendrite(s)
Describe the function of the ureters
To convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
What is the placenta’s function and how is it connected to the foetus?
It transfers nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the baby’s bloodstream and waste products from the baby to the mother. It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
Name the part of the ear that contains the organ of Corti
Cochlea
How many movable bones are found in the vertebral column? Name the three regions they are divided into.
24
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
What is the name for the distribution of acids, bases and salts in tissue cells, fluids and blood plasma which helps maintain normal pH and control the passage of water between cell membranes?
Electrolyte balance
Describe the function of the sclera
It maintains the shape of the eye and gives attachment to muscles of the eye
What pigment does sunlight promote the secretion of?
Melanin
What is the root word for ‘fat’?
Lip
What suffix is used for ‘falling’ or ‘downward displacement’?
Ptosis
Provide the definition for the term ‘bronchiectasis’
Dilation of the bronchus
What two prefixes can be used for the word ‘against’?
Anti
Contra
Name the root word for ‘eat’.
Phag
What suffix is used for ‘tumour’ or ‘swelling’?
Cele or Oma
Provide the meaning of the prefix ‘ect’.
Outside
Name the fluid that circulates through the body carrying nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carrying waste products away from cells for elimination
Blood
Name the transparent fluid in which many important chemicals are dissolved and in which are suspended red and white blood cells and platelets
Plasma
Name the Red blood cells which carry oxygen from the lungs to cells of the body
Erythrocytes
Names the White blood cells which help to prevent infection and diseases
Leucocytes
What are the cells which assist the clotting process when injury occurs?
Platelets (thrombocytes
Name the vessels that carry blood from the heart.
Arteries
Most arteries carry oxygenated blood, this is the exception…
Pulmonary artery
Arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
What are the arteries which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle called?
Coronary arteries
Name the vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Veins
Most veins carry deoxygenated blood, these are the exceptions…..
Pulmonary veins
Name the The three systems referred to when considering blood circulation…
The pulmonary, systemic and portal
What is the circulation of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium called?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the circulation of blood from the left ventricle of the heart via the aorta to all parts of the body called?
Systemic circulation
What system is where Venous blood passes from the capillary bed of the digestive system,
via the capillary bed of the liver in this circulation system?
Portal circulation
Names the Two membranous sacs which surround the heart…
Pericardium
Name the interior lining of the myocardium, which is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels…
Endocardium
Name the system provides protection of internal organs and the body’s framework and shape.
Musculoskeletal system
Name the place where two or more bones come together…
A joint
Bones are classified according to their shapes. The femur (thigh
bone) is an example of this type of bone…
Long bone
Name a strong fibrous membrane which almost completely covers bones…
Periosteum
What is the soft tissue found in the epiphyses of bones, vital to the
production of blood cells called?
Red marrow
Name the type of joints which are freely movable…
Synovial
Name the only bone in the skull which can move…
Mandible (lower jaw)
What is the relatively hard connective tissue that covers all parts of bones, in
contact within a joint called?
Cartilage
What are the twelve pairs which form a protective cage around organs in the thoracic
cavity called?
Ribs
What is the largest strongest bone in the body?
The femur
Name the tough fibrous connective tissue which forms the outside
layer of a freely movable joint…
The capsule
What is the fixed point of attachment (of a muscle) to a bone, opposite to the insertion called?
Origin
Name a cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones…
Tendon
Name an internal organ controlled by involuntary muscles…
Alimentary canal
What are the type of muscles which move the bones called?
Voluntary or skeletal muscles
What is the name of the system which the skin and its appendages–hair, nails, oil, and sweat glands– make up called?
Integumentary
Name the outer layer of the skin which consists of several layers of cornified dead cells?
The epidermis
Name the tough layer of skin located below the epidermis,
consisting of connective tissue with elastic and collagen
fibres…
The dermis
Name the Tubes in which hair grows, which is lined with epidermal cells…
Hair follicles
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
Describe the structure classification of joints
Joints are classified structurally based on their anatomical characteristics, and functionally based on the types of movements they permit.
Structurally:
Fibrous- no synovial cavity, held together by fibres
Cartilaginous- no synovial cavity, held together by Cartilage
Synovial joints-space between two bones, held together by ligaments & connective tissue
What does afferent mean
Conveying towards
What does anterior/ventral mean
The front surface
What does distal mean
Farthest from
What does dorsal/posterior mean
Pertaining to the back or towards the back
What does efferent mean
Conveying away from
What does inferior mean
Situated below
What does lateral mean
Referring to the side
What does medial mean
Pertaining to near the midline
What does median mean
The middle - an imaginary line passing through the body from between the eyes to between closed feet
What does peripheral mean
Situated away from the centre
What does proximal mean
Nearest
What does superficial mean
Referring to close to the surface
What does superior mean
Situated above
What does ventral/anterior mean
Pertaining to the belly or towards the belly
What does all systems work together to achieve
Homeostasis
What does anatomy mean
Study of the structure of the body
What does physiology mean
Study of how the body functions
What does abduct mean
To draw away from the median plane
What does abduction mean
The act of abducting or the state of being abducted
What does adduct mean
To draw towards the median plane
What does adduction mean
The act of adducting or the state of being adducted
What does circumduction mean
The active or passive circular movement of a limb (or eye)
What does extension mean
A movement which brings the member of a limb into or towards a straight position
What does flexion mean
The act of bending or condition of being bent
What does rotation mean
The process of turning around an axis
What is the musculoskeletal system made up of
Bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and cartilage
What’s the main function of the musculoskeletal system
Support and stability, protection of internal organs, locomotion, production of blood cells, storage of calcium and other minerals
What are the two groups the bones are divided into
Axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton
What are the bones of the axial skeleton
Skull, ribs, sternum & vertebral column
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton
Shoulders, hips, and upper and lower extremities
What is the prefix in ‘contraindiction’ and what is its meaning
Contra - against, opposite
What is the root word for bile
Chol
Breakdown the term ‘cardiomegaly’ into its component parts and state what each part means
Cardi - heart
O
Megaly - enlargement
What does the suffix ‘oid’ mean
Resemblance or likeness of
What are the two root words for blood
Haem
Haemat
What prefix is used to describe the word beside or beyond
Par or para
Give the mean ming of the term pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal or kidney pelvis
Describe the difference between the suffixes stomy and Tomy
Stomy means creation of an artificial opening
Tomy means incision
What is the root word for eat
Phag
What is the root word for gland
Aden
What is the root word for air
Aer
What is the root word for vessel
Angi
What is the root word for joint
Arthr
What is the root word for eyelid
Blephar
What does cardi mean
Heart
What does cephal mean
Head
What does cerebr mean
Brain
What does cervic mean
Neck
What does cheil, chil mean
Lip
What does cheir, chir mean
Hand
What does chondr mean
Cartilage
What’s the root word for skull
Crani
What’s the root word for bladder
Cyst
What does dactyl mean
Finger, toe
What is the root word for skin
Derm
What does enter mean
Intestine
What’s the root word for stomach
Gastr
What does glyc mean
Sweet
What are the root words for blood
Haem
Haemat
What is the root word for liver
Hepat
Name the two groups the bones of the skeleton are divided into
Axial
Appendicular
Name the acid that is made in the stomach.
Hydrochloric
The spinal nerves arise from both sides of the spinal cord; what do they emerge through?
Intervertebral or neural foramina or foramen
Describe where sebaceous glands are located and their function
They are located in the dermis. They secrete an oily fluid (sebum) to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
Where is the aortic bifurcation located, and what arteries does it divide into?
It is located at the distal end of the abdominal aorta at which point the artery divides into the common iliac arteries.
The cystic duct drains which organ
Gall bladder
Name the two extensions of nerve cells which form the white matter of the
nervous system.
Axon(s)
Dendrite(s)
Describe the function of the ureters
To convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
What is the placenta’s function and how is it connected to the foetus?
It transfers nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the baby’s bloodstream and waste products from the baby to the mother. It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
Name the part of the ear that contains the organ of Corti
Cochlea
How many movable bones are found in the vertebral column? Name the three regions they are divided into
24
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
What is the name for the distribution of acids, bases and salts in tissue cells,
fluids and blood plasma which helps maintain normal pH and control the
passage of water between cell membranes?
Electrolyte balance
Describe the function of the sclera.
It maintains the shape of the eye and gives attachment to muscles of the eye.
What pigment does sunlight promote the secretion of?
Melanin
Name the neck of the uterus at the point where it joins the vagina
Cervix
What type of synovial joint is the shoulder and what two bones does it
connect?
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint connecting the humerus to the
scapula.
What area of the brain shares concern for respiratory function with the pons
varolii?
Medulla oblongata
Describe the function of the sphincter of Oddi.
Controls the flow of fluids from the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum.
Name the type of tissue found in the epidermis
Stratified epithelial tissue
Describe the function of the glomeruli.
To extract nitrogenous wastes, salts, water and toxins from the bloodstream
and turn the wastes into urine.
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue
Spleen
Thymus gland
Name the cavity located within the temporal bone which is filled with air from
the eustachian tube and contains ossicles.
Middle ear or tympanic cavity
Describe the primary functions of the parathyroid glands.
The maintenance of normal blood calcium levels and the regulation of
phosphate metabolism.
Name the semi-rigid tube found in the respiratory system that has an exterior
surface made up of rings of cartilage embedded in fibrous, elastic and smooth
muscle.
Trachea
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The point of attachment to the bone that it moves.
Name the valve that allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left atrium to
the left ventricle and prevents backflow during systole.
Mitral valve
What muscles change the shape of the lens in the eye and what part of the
eye does the lens focus light on?
The lens changes shape, under control of the ciliary muscles, to focus light on
the retina.
Name the first portion of the large intestine.
Caecum
What two organs add secretions to semen to aid sperm motility?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Name the neck of the uterus at the point where it joins the vagina.
Cervix
What type of synovial joint is the shoulder and what two bones does it
connect?
The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint connecting the humerus to the
scapula.
What area of the brain shares concern for respiratory function with the pons
varolii?
Medulla oblongata
Describe the function of the sphincter of Oddi
Controls the flow of fluids from the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum
Name the type of tissue found in the epidermis.
Stratified epithelial tissue
Describe the function of the glomeruli.
To extract nitrogenous wastes, salts, water and toxins from the bloodstream
and turn the wastes into urine.
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue
Spleen
Thymus gland
Name the cavity located within the temporal bone which is filled with air from
the eustachian tube and contains ossicles.
Middle ear or tympanic cavity
Describe the primary functions of the parathyroid glands.
The maintenance of normal blood calcium levels and the regulation of
phosphate metabolism.
Name the semi-rigid tube found in the respiratory system that has an exterior
surface made up of rings of cartilage embedded in fibrous, elastic and smooth
muscle
Trachea
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The point of attachment to the bone that it moves.
Name the valve that allows oxygenated blood to pass from the left atrium to
the left ventricle and prevents backflow during systole.
Mitral valve
What muscles change the shape of the lens in the eye and what part of the
eye does the lens focus light on?
The lens changes shape, under control of the ciliary muscles, to focus light on
the retina.
Name the first portion of the large intestine
Caecum
