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IDC Class 22005 > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s internal environment remaining stable despite changes inside and outside the body. Mainly under control of the nervous system and endocrine system.

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3
Q

What are the components of feedback systems and their definitions?

A

Receptor- Recognizes the change and sends message (input) to a control center.
Control Center- Evaluates input and sends output to effector.
Effector- Produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

These reverse the change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to normal.

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5
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

These strengthen the change in a controlled variable.

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6
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the the structure and the relationship among structures of the body.

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7
Q

Physiology

A

The science of body functions, that is, how the body works.

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8
Q

What is the chemical level of organization?

A

Atoms and molecules

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9
Q

What is the cellular level of organization?

A

Molecules combined to form structures.

Ex: Red blood cells or smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

What is the tissue level of organization?

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding that work together to perform a particular function.

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11
Q

What is the organ level of organization?

A

Different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures.

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Innermost lining of the stomach which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion.

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13
Q

What is the systems level of organization?

A

Consists of related organs that have a common function.

Ex: Integumentary (skin) serves as a barrier to protect all internal organs.

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14
Q

What is the organismal level of organization?

A

Largest level. All systems that combine to form the human organism.

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15
Q

What is the organ level of organization?

A

Different kinds of tissue join together to form body structures. They have a recognizable shape and can be composed of different tissues that serve different functions.

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16
Q

What are the different tissues in the stomach and their functions?

A

Serous-Layer on the outside of the stomach that protects and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.
Smooth muscle-Layer that contracts to churn and mix food and push it on to the next digestive organ.
Epithelial Tissue-Innermost layer which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion.

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17
Q

What are the major cavities of the trunk?

A

Pericardial-Fluid filled space surrounding the heart.
Pleural-surrounding each lung and contains a small amount of fluid.
Mediastinum-central portion of thoracic cavity. (Heart, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels)
Diaphragm- Dome-shaped muscle that powers breathing and separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic- From diaphragm to the groin. (Organs of this cavity are viscera)
Abdominal-Upper portion. Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
Pelvis-Lower portion. Contains urinary bladder, portion or large intestine and reproductive organs

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18
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A 
Rt hypochondriac (a)
Epigastric (b)
Lt hypochondriac (c)
Rt Lumbar (d)
Umbilical (e)
Lt Lumbar (f)
Rt Inguinal (g)
Hypogastric (h)
Lt Inguinal (i)
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19
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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20
Q

What is a mass number?

A

Total number of protons plus neutrons.

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21
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion. Lost electrons.

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22
Q

What is a anion?

A

Negatively charged ion. Gained electrons.

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23
Q

Where are ionic bonds mainly found?

A

Teeth and bones. Dissolved in body fluids.

24
Q

What are the main types of bonding?

A

Ionic, covalent and hydrogen.

25
Q

When do covalent bonds form?

A

When two atoms share a pair of electrons.

26
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

When atoms share electrons equally.

27
Q

What elements use hydrogen bonds?

A

Fluoride (F), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)

28
Q

What is synthesis?

A

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new larger molecules.

29
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Synthesis in the body.

30
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Involves both synthesis and decompostion.

30
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Splitting molecules apart.

31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Decomposition in the body.

Ex: Breakdown of starches into glucose molecules during digestion.

32
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

33
Q

In water what do acids, bases, and salts dissociate into?

A

Acids-into H+ ions (and one or more anions)
Bases-into OH- ions (and one or more cations)
Salts-into a cation and an anion

34
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E and K

35
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Principle energy storing molecule of the body.

36
Q

In a solution, what makes it more acidic and what makes it more basic?

A

More hydrogen ions make it acidic and more hydroxide ions make it basic.

37
Q

What is the number range of the pH scale?

A

0-14. 0-6, Acidic. 8-14, Basic. 7, Neutral

38
Q

How much more acidic is a pH of 6 than 8?

A

100 times more acidic.

39
Q

What is the pH range maintained by homeostatic mechanisms?

A

7.35-7.45

40
Q

Name some organic compounds.

A

Carbohydrates; sugars, glycogen and starches.
Lipids; Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
Proteins; Body structures, regulate enzyme processes, provide protection
Nucleic Acids; DNA and RNA
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate); principle energy storing molecule

41
Q

What are the three main parts of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

42
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

Forms a flexible outer surface, regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell, and plays key role in communication among and between cells and external environment.

43
Q

What is cytoplasm made of?

A

Cytosol- Liquid portion; mostly water with dissolved solutes and particles
Organelles- Membrane bound structures with specific structures and functions

44
Q

What is the lipid bilayer and what is it made up of?

A

Two tail-to-tail layers made up of three types of lipid molecules
Phospholipids-lipids that contain phosphorus
Cholesterol
Glycolipids-lipids attached to carbohydrates

45
Q

What is the function of integral proteins?

A

Embedded in the lipid bilayer, may form ion channels through which ions, like K+, can pass into and out of the cell.

46
Q

Intracellular

A

Fluid found inside body cells. Within cells, 2/3 of total body fluid

47
Q

Extracellular

A

Fluid outside body cells.
Between cells-Interstitial
In blood cells-Plasm
In lymphatic vessels-Lymphatic

48
Q

What makes a concentration?

A

Amount of solute in a given amount of solvent

49
Q

What is a passive process?

A

Kinetic energy moving molecules from high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed.

50
Q

What is an active process?

A

Cellular energy (ATP) is used to “push” the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high)

51
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane from and area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

52
Q

What are the three categories of passive transport processes and what do they not require?

A

Does NOT require ATP.
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion

53
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Concentration of water and solute is the same on both sides of the membrane; water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate; cell maintains normal shape

54
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Low concentration of solute and high concentraion of water outside the cell in the ECF; water enters the call at a faster rate than it leaves; the cell swells or ruptures (hemolysis)

55
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

High concentration of solute and low concentration of water outside the cell in the ECF; water leaves the cell at a faster rate than it enters; the cell shrinks (crenation)

IDC Class 22005 (1 decks)

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