A&P Flashcards
What are the levels of organization?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
Homeostasis
The body’s internal environment remaining stable despite changes inside and outside the body. Mainly under control of the nervous system and endocrine system.
What are the components of feedback systems and their definitions?
Receptor- Recognizes the change and sends message (input) to a control center.
Control Center- Evaluates input and sends output to effector.
Effector- Produces a response that changes the controlled condition.
What is a negative feedback system?
These reverse the change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to normal.
What is a positive feedback system?
These strengthen the change in a controlled variable.
Anatomy
The science of the the structure and the relationship among structures of the body.
Physiology
The science of body functions, that is, how the body works.
What is the chemical level of organization?
Atoms and molecules
What is the cellular level of organization?
Molecules combined to form structures.
Ex: Red blood cells or smooth muscle cells
What is the tissue level of organization?
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding that work together to perform a particular function.
What is the organ level of organization?
Different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures.
Epithelial tissue
Innermost lining of the stomach which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion.
What is the systems level of organization?
Consists of related organs that have a common function.
Ex: Integumentary (skin) serves as a barrier to protect all internal organs.
What is the organismal level of organization?
Largest level. All systems that combine to form the human organism.
What is the organ level of organization?
Different kinds of tissue join together to form body structures. They have a recognizable shape and can be composed of different tissues that serve different functions.
What are the different tissues in the stomach and their functions?
Serous-Layer on the outside of the stomach that protects and reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.
Smooth muscle-Layer that contracts to churn and mix food and push it on to the next digestive organ.
Epithelial Tissue-Innermost layer which contributes fluid and chemicals that aid digestion.
What are the major cavities of the trunk?
Pericardial-Fluid filled space surrounding the heart.
Pleural-surrounding each lung and contains a small amount of fluid.
Mediastinum-central portion of thoracic cavity. (Heart, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels)
Diaphragm- Dome-shaped muscle that powers breathing and separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic- From diaphragm to the groin. (Organs of this cavity are viscera)
Abdominal-Upper portion. Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
Pelvis-Lower portion. Contains urinary bladder, portion or large intestine and reproductive organs
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
Rt hypochondriac (a) Epigastric (b) Lt hypochondriac (c) Rt Lumbar (d) Umbilical (e) Lt Lumbar (f) Rt Inguinal (g) Hypogastric (h) Lt Inguinal (i)
What is an atomic number?
Number of protons in the nucleus
What is a mass number?
Total number of protons plus neutrons.
What is a cation?
Positively charged ion. Lost electrons.
What is a anion?
Negatively charged ion. Gained electrons.
Where are ionic bonds mainly found?
Teeth and bones. Dissolved in body fluids.
What are the main types of bonding?
Ionic, covalent and hydrogen.
When do covalent bonds form?
When two atoms share a pair of electrons.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
When atoms share electrons equally.
What elements use hydrogen bonds?
Fluoride (F), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
What is synthesis?
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new larger molecules.
What is anabolism?
Synthesis in the body.
What is an exchange reaction?
Involves both synthesis and decompostion.
What is decomposition?
Splitting molecules apart.
What is catabolism?
Decomposition in the body.
Ex: Breakdown of starches into glucose molecules during digestion.
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
In water what do acids, bases, and salts dissociate into?
Acids-into H+ ions (and one or more anions)
Bases-into OH- ions (and one or more cations)
Salts-into a cation and an anion
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E and K
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. Principle energy storing molecule of the body.
In a solution, what makes it more acidic and what makes it more basic?
More hydrogen ions make it acidic and more hydroxide ions make it basic.
What is the number range of the pH scale?
0-14. 0-6, Acidic. 8-14, Basic. 7, Neutral
How much more acidic is a pH of 6 than 8?
100 times more acidic.
What is the pH range maintained by homeostatic mechanisms?
7.35-7.45
Name some organic compounds.
Carbohydrates; sugars, glycogen and starches.
Lipids; Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
Proteins; Body structures, regulate enzyme processes, provide protection
Nucleic Acids; DNA and RNA
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate); principle energy storing molecule
What are the three main parts of the cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
What does the plasma membrane do?
Forms a flexible outer surface, regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell, and plays key role in communication among and between cells and external environment.
What is cytoplasm made of?
Cytosol- Liquid portion; mostly water with dissolved solutes and particles
Organelles- Membrane bound structures with specific structures and functions
What is the lipid bilayer and what is it made up of?
Two tail-to-tail layers made up of three types of lipid molecules
Phospholipids-lipids that contain phosphorus
Cholesterol
Glycolipids-lipids attached to carbohydrates
What is the function of integral proteins?
Embedded in the lipid bilayer, may form ion channels through which ions, like K+, can pass into and out of the cell.
Intracellular
Fluid found inside body cells. Within cells, 2/3 of total body fluid
Extracellular
Fluid outside body cells.
Between cells-Interstitial
In blood cells-Plasm
In lymphatic vessels-Lymphatic
What makes a concentration?
Amount of solute in a given amount of solvent
What is a passive process?
Kinetic energy moving molecules from high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed.
What is an active process?
Cellular energy (ATP) is used to “push” the substance “uphill” against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high)
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane from and area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
What are the three categories of passive transport processes and what do they not require?
Does NOT require ATP.
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
What is an isotonic solution?
Concentration of water and solute is the same on both sides of the membrane; water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate; cell maintains normal shape
What is a hypotonic solution?
Low concentration of solute and high concentraion of water outside the cell in the ECF; water enters the call at a faster rate than it leaves; the cell swells or ruptures (hemolysis)
What is a hypertonic solution?
High concentration of solute and low concentration of water outside the cell in the ECF; water leaves the cell at a faster rate than it enters; the cell shrinks (crenation)
