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HESI A2 > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head, or toward the upper body region

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the lower body region

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3
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

All the belly or front side of the body

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4
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

On the buttocks or backside of the body

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5
Q

Proximal

A

Near the trunk or middle part of the body

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6
Q

Distal

A

Furthest away from the point of reference

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7
Q

Medial

A

Close to the midline of the body

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

Epicardium

A

The outermost layer of the heart, and is one of the two layers of the pericardium

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10
Q

Myocardium

A

The middle layer of the heart that contains cardiac muscular tissue. It performs the function of pumping what is necessary for the circulation of blood it is the most massive part of the heart

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11
Q

Endocardium

A

Do you smooth enter most layer that keeps the blood from sticking inside the heart

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12
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Sets the pace and signals the atria to contract

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13
Q

Atrialventricular node

A

Picks up the signal from the sinoatrial node, And the signal tells the ventricles to contract

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14
Q

What is the function of atria?

A

Receive blood from the lungs and body and pump it to the ventricles

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15
Q

What is the function of ventricles?

A

Pump the blood to the lungs and the rest of the body

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16
Q

True or false atria have thin walls?

A

True

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17
Q

True or false the ventricles have a thicker wall?

A

True

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has thicker walls?

A

The left side

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19
Q

What is the function of atrial ventricular valves?

A

Keep the blood from going back into the atria from the ventricles

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20
Q

What is the function of semi lunar valves?

A

Keep the blood from going back into the ventricles from the arteries

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21
Q

What is the hollow part of a blood vessel known as?

A

Lumen

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22
Q

Arteries transport blood in which direction?

A

Transport blood away from the heart

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23
Q

What is the name of the largest artery?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

Narrower arteries that branch off of the main arteries and carry blood to the capillaries are known as?

A

Arterioles

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25
Q

The descending aorta carries blood to the lower part of the body except for?

A

The lungs

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26
Q

Which artery do the lungs get the blood from?

A

Pulmonary artery

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27
Q

Name the three branches that branch off from the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic artery, the left common artery, and the left subclavian artery

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28
Q

The brachiocephalic artery carries blood where?

A

The brain and head

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29
Q

Where does the left common carotid artery carry blood to?

A

The brain

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30
Q

Where does the left subclavian artery carry blood to?

A

The left arm

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31
Q

The brachiocephalic artery divides into what?

A

Right subclavian artery

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32
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery bring blood to?

A

The right arm

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33
Q

Where do veins bring the blood from?

A

From the body back to the heart

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34
Q

What is the name for thin veins that connect to capillaries?

A

Venules

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35
Q

Lungs have their own set of veins, what are they known as?

A

Left and right superior and inferior pulmonary veins

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36
Q

What are the two main veins?

A

Superior vena cava and the inferior Venna cava

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37
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels known as?

A

Capillaries

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38
Q

What is the most abundant vein?

A

Capillaries

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39
Q

At what rate does a healthy heart pump the blood while resting?

A

Around 5 L per minute

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40
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Erythrocytes

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41
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow

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42
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen

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43
Q

What are white blood cells also known as?

A

Leukocytes

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44
Q

What are the two classes of white blood cells?

A

Granular and agranular leukocytes

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45
Q

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils

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46
Q

Neutrophils and digest what?

A

Bacteria

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47
Q

Eosinophils Digest what?

A

Viruses

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48
Q

Basophils Release what?

A

Histamine

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49
Q

What are the two classes of agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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50
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Fight off viral infections and produce antibodies for fighting pathogen induced infection

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51
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Removing pathogens and dead cells from wounds

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52
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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53
Q

What is the liquid part of the blood known as?

A

Plasma

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54
Q

Define systole

A

The cardiac muscles are contracting and moving blood from any given chamber

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55
Q

Define diastole

A

The muscles are relaxing and the chamber is expanding to fill with blood

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56
Q

The blood from the left ventricle goes to?

A

The aorta and aortic arch

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57
Q

What is the first step for oxygenating the blood?

A
  1. The poorly oxygenated blood comes into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
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58
Q

What is the second step for oxygenating blood?

A
  1. The blood is then passed to the right ventricle which sends it through the pulmonary artery into the lungs were oxygenation occurs
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59
Q

What is the third step for oxygenating blood?

A
  1. The oxygen rich blood then comes to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins and gets moved from the left atrium to the left ventricle
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60
Q

What is the fourth step for oxygenating blood?

A

By way of blood pressure the blood is then sent from the left ventricle through the aorta and the aortic arch into the arteries in the whole body

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61
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, olfactory membranes, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and Larynx

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62
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A

Air intake and removing carbon dioxide

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63
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Stop contaminants from the outside

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64
Q

What is the olfactory membranes responsible for?

A

Sense of smell

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65
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasal pharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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66
Q

What is the epiglottis responsible for?

A

For ensuring that the air enters the trachea in the food interesting esophagus

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67
Q

What is the Larynx also known as

A

The voice box

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68
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

Trachea, bronchi, Lungs, and the muscles that help with breathing

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69
Q

What lines the inside of the trachea?

A

Goblet cells and cilia

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70
Q

From the primary bronchi how many branch from left to right?

A

2 extend from the left
3 Extend from right
Corresponding with the number of lobes in the lungs

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71
Q

True or false the secondary bronchi contain less cartilage and have more space in between rings

A

True

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72
Q

What lines the inside of the bronchi

A

Goblet cells and cilia

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73
Q

True or false the tertiary bronchi have less cartilage and have more space in between drinks

A

True

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74
Q

Bronchioles Branch from which bronchi

A

Tertiary

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75
Q

Do you bronchioles contain any cartilage at all?

A

None

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76
Q

Bronchioles are made out of what?

A

Smooth muscles and elastic fiber tissue so the can expand

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77
Q

Bronchioles end with what?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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78
Q

Terminal bronchioles connect to What?

A

Alveoli

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79
Q

Where does gas exchange happen ?

A

Alveoli

80
Q

The inner surface of the alveoli is coated with what?

A

Alveolar fluid

81
Q

What is the function of alveolar fluid?

A

Keeping the alveoli moist and the lungs elastic and the thin wall of the alveoli stable

82
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleura

83
Q

What are the layers of the pleura from top to bottom

A

Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura

84
Q

Which muscles help with breathing out?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

85
Q

Which muscles help with breathing in?

A

External intercostal muscles

86
Q

What does breathing in and out also called

A

Pulmonary ventilation

87
Q

What roles does the skeleton stystem play in the body

A

Providing support and protection, allowing movement, Blood cell genesis, storing fat iron and calcium, gilding the growth of the entire body

88
Q

The skeleton can be divided into two parts. What are they known as

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

89
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

Consist of 80 bones placed along the bodies midline axis and grouped into skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column

90
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A

Consist of 126 bones grouped in the upper and lower limbs and the pelvic and pectoral girdle’s

91
Q

What is the bone matrix

A

Nonliving part of the bone

92
Q

What is the bone matrix made out of

A

Water, collagen, protein, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate crystals

93
Q

The living bone cells are also called what

A

Osteocytes

94
Q

Where are osteocytes found

A

Bones and throughout the bone matrix and small cavities

95
Q

What role do osteocytes play

A

A vital part in growth, development, and repair bones, and can be used for the minerals the store

96
Q

What Are the layers of bones from top to bottom

A

Periosteum
Compact bone
Trabeculae

97
Q

How many bones do we have when we are born

A

300

98
Q

How many bones do adults have

A

206

99
Q

What are the five types of bones

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

100
Q

What are the two regions of long bones

A

Epiphysis(END) and diaphysis(MIDDLE)

101
Q

Only to sesamoid bones are actually counted as proper bones what are they

A

Patella and the pisiform bone

102
Q

Flat bones do not contain what

A

Medullary cavity

103
Q

What bones are classified as flat bones in the body

A

Ribs, hip bones, frontal and the Parietal and occipital bones of the skull

104
Q

What do the short bones consist of

A

Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot

105
Q

How many bones is the skull made out of

A

22

106
Q

What is the order of the vertebral column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx

107
Q

How many bones does each three sections of vertebrae have

A

Cervical has seven
Thoracic has 12
Lumbar has five

108
Q

What connects the ribs to the sternum

A

Costal cartilage

109
Q

How many ribs does a human skeleton have

A

12

110
Q

Which ribs are known as a true ribs

A

1-7

111
Q

Which ribs are known as false ribs

A

8-12

112
Q

Which ribs are known as the floating ribs

A

11 & 12

113
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Small gap between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid

114
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Permit little to no movement

115
Q

Visceral muscle is (?) type of muscle

A

Weakest

116
Q

What is visercal muscle also known as?

A

Smooth muscle (because of its appearance under a microscope)

117
Q

Can we move visceral muscle on our own?

A

No that is why it’s also know as involuntary muscle

118
Q

Can we control heart muscle voluntarily

A

No it is also involuntary like visceral muscle

119
Q

What are the muscle cells called?

A

Cardiomyocytes

120
Q

What joins together cardiomyocytes

A

Intercalated discs

121
Q

Can you contract skeletal muscle voluntarily

A

Yes

122
Q

What covers the fibers structures in skeletal muscle

A

Sarcolemma

123
Q

What is the function of sarcolemma

A

Serves as a conductor for electro chemical signals that tell the muscle to contract or expand

124
Q

What is the function of transverse tubes

A

Transferred the signals deeper into the middle of the muscle fiber

125
Q

What is necessary for muscle contraction and where is it stored

A

Calcium ions and Sarco plasmic reticulum

126
Q

Skeletal muscles can be divided into two types what are they called

A

Type one and type 2 A and b

127
Q

What are type one muscles

A

Are used for stamina and posture they produce energy from sugar from every aerobic respiration making them resistant to fatigue

128
Q

Which muscles contract slowly in which muscles contract quickly

A

Type one contract slowly and type two contract more quickly

129
Q

Where are type 2A found

Where are type 2B found

A

Legs

arms

130
Q

The bone that remain stationary is called

A

Origin

131
Q

The other bone that is actually moving towards the other is called what

A

Insertion

132
Q

The muscle mainly responsible for action is called what

A

Agonist

133
Q

Agnes is always paired with another muscle that does the opposite action and it is called what

A

Antagonist

134
Q

Other muscles that support the antagonist include what

A

Synergist

135
Q

(?) Are other support muscles that keep the origin stable

A

Fixators

136
Q

The neurons that control muscles are called

A

Motor neurons

137
Q

Motor neurons control the number of muscle cells that together are called

A

Motor unit

138
Q

What are two ways muscles get energy

A

Area aerobic respiration(effective)

lactic acid fermentation(LESS effective)

139
Q

Which is the strongest type of skeletal muscle

A

Type 2B

140
Q

Myofibril cause what

A

Muscle contractions

141
Q

Tendons always attach skeletal muscle to bone

A

On at least one end

142
Q

Where is sperm Housed in

A

Scrotum

143
Q 
What is the pathway of sperm
SEVEn UP (hint)
A 
Seminiferous tubes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Penis
144
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

Produces nutrient build fluid that protects sperm and makes up the majority of semen

145
Q

Before ejaculation the (?) Produces a thin alkaline fluid that flushes any remaining hearing from the urethra and makes up a small portion of the semen

A

Cowpers gland

146
Q

Each ovary follicle contains what

A

Oocyte (undeveloped egg)

147
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

Fallopian tube

148
Q

What are fertilized eggs also called

A

Zygotes

149
Q

What does corpus luteum help with

A

Help oocyte mature into egg.

Mass of follicular tissue that provides nutrients to the egg and secrets estradiol and progesterone

150
Q

After fertilization the cell will start to divide and after for five days become a bowl cells known as

A

Blastocyst

151
Q

Where are blastocyst implanted into

A

Endometrium

152
Q

The placenta develops from cells called

A

Trophoblast

153
Q

Where do trophoblast come from

A

From the outer layer of blastocyst

154
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce

A

Hormone which controls growth and some aspects of sexual functioning

155
Q

What hormone do pituitary gland produce

A

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and follicle stimulating hormone

156
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control the pituitary gland

157
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

Dopamine, thyrotropin releasing hormone, Growth hormone releasing hormone

158
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland releases

A

Melatonin

159
Q

What does the thyroid gland control

A

Protein production and the bodies use of energy

160
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release

A

T3 and thyroxine

161
Q

The parathyroid hormone regulates what

A

Calcium and phosphate levels

162
Q

What hormones does pancreas release

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

163
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands release

A

Cortisol, testosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, Dopamine

164
Q

What does the adrenal medulla regulate

A

Flight or fight response

165
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release

A

Corticosteroids and Androgens

166
Q

What hormones do testes release

A

Testosterone and estradiol

167
Q

What is the pathway of the G.I. tract

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
168
Q

What are organs that help with the digestion even though they don’t pass through them

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary gland’s, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

169
Q

What are the two rings of muscles in the esophagus called

A

Sphincters

170
Q

What is the pathway through the intestinal tract (Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report)

A 
Duodenum
Jejunum 
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
171
Q

What are the four layers of the stomach started from top to bottom

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

172
Q

What are the four different regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

173
Q

Where are most nutrients absorbed out of all the small intestines

A

Jejunum

174
Q

The nervous system divided two parts what are they called

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

175
Q

What is the CNS responsible for

A

Processing and storing information as well as deciding at appropriate action and issuing commands

176
Q

What is the PNS responsible for

A

Gathering information and sending it to the CNS. And transporting commands from the CNS to appropriate organs

177
Q

What are the two classes of nervous system cells

A

Neurons and neurolgia

178
Q

(?) Are the nerve cells

A

Neurons

179
Q

The (?) Is the body of the neuron it contains most of the cellular organelles

A

Soma

180
Q

(?) Or a small tree like structures that extend from the soma

A

Dendrites

181
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

Carrie information to the Soma and sometimes away from it

182
Q

Also extending from the soma is the long thin (?)

A

Axon

183
Q

What is the axon responsible for

A

Sending information from the Soma rarely to it

184
Q

Lastly the places were two neurons me or where they meet other types of cells are called

A

Synapses

185
Q

Neurons can be divided into three classes what are they known as

A

Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Interneurons

186
Q

What are you efferent neurons responsible for

A

Responsible for transmitting signals from the CNS to the effectors in the body

187
Q

What are afferent neurons responsible for

A

Transmit signals from receptors in the body to the CNS

188
Q

What are interneurons responsible for

A

Integrate the signals received from the afferent neurons and control the body by sending signals through the Efferent neurons

189
Q

(?) Are the maintenance cells for the Neurons

A

Neuroglia

190
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

191
Q

What are the two important structures that help protect the CNS

A

Meninges And the cerebral spinal fluid

192
Q

What are the three layers of meninges starting from top to bottom

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

193
Q

The nervous tissue that makes up the brains divided into two classes what are they

A

Gray matter and white matter

194
Q

Gray matter consist mostly of what

A

Enter neurons that are unmyelinated

195
Q

Where does this occur? Where the actual processing of signals happened. It is also where connections between neurons are made

A

Gray matter

196
Q

White matter consist mostly of whatever

A

Myelinated neurons

197
Q

(?) Is the tissue that conducts signals to from and between gray matter regions

A

White matter

HESI A2 (5 decks)

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