A&P Flashcards
Superior
Toward the head, or toward the upper body region
Inferior
Toward the lower body region
Anterior (ventral)
All the belly or front side of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
On the buttocks or backside of the body
Proximal
Near the trunk or middle part of the body
Distal
Furthest away from the point of reference
Medial
Close to the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Epicardium
The outermost layer of the heart, and is one of the two layers of the pericardium
Myocardium
The middle layer of the heart that contains cardiac muscular tissue. It performs the function of pumping what is necessary for the circulation of blood it is the most massive part of the heart
Endocardium
Do you smooth enter most layer that keeps the blood from sticking inside the heart
Sinoatrial node
Sets the pace and signals the atria to contract
Atrialventricular node
Picks up the signal from the sinoatrial node, And the signal tells the ventricles to contract
What is the function of atria?
Receive blood from the lungs and body and pump it to the ventricles
What is the function of ventricles?
Pump the blood to the lungs and the rest of the body
True or false atria have thin walls?
True
True or false the ventricles have a thicker wall?
True
Which side of the heart has thicker walls?
The left side
What is the function of atrial ventricular valves?
Keep the blood from going back into the atria from the ventricles
What is the function of semi lunar valves?
Keep the blood from going back into the ventricles from the arteries
What is the hollow part of a blood vessel known as?
Lumen
Arteries transport blood in which direction?
Transport blood away from the heart
What is the name of the largest artery?
Aorta
Narrower arteries that branch off of the main arteries and carry blood to the capillaries are known as?
Arterioles
The descending aorta carries blood to the lower part of the body except for?
The lungs
Which artery do the lungs get the blood from?
Pulmonary artery
Name the three branches that branch off from the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic artery, the left common artery, and the left subclavian artery
The brachiocephalic artery carries blood where?
The brain and head
Where does the left common carotid artery carry blood to?
The brain
Where does the left subclavian artery carry blood to?
The left arm
The brachiocephalic artery divides into what?
Right subclavian artery
Where does the right subclavian artery bring blood to?
The right arm
Where do veins bring the blood from?
From the body back to the heart
What is the name for thin veins that connect to capillaries?
Venules
Lungs have their own set of veins, what are they known as?
Left and right superior and inferior pulmonary veins
What are the two main veins?
Superior vena cava and the inferior Venna cava
What are the smallest blood vessels known as?
Capillaries
What is the most abundant vein?
Capillaries
At what rate does a healthy heart pump the blood while resting?
Around 5 L per minute
What are red blood cells also known as?
Erythrocytes
Where are red blood cells produced?
Red bone marrow
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen
What are white blood cells also known as?
Leukocytes
What are the two classes of white blood cells?
Granular and agranular leukocytes
What are the three types of granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils and digest what?
Bacteria
Eosinophils Digest what?
Viruses
Basophils Release what?
Histamine
What are the two classes of agranular leukocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Fight off viral infections and produce antibodies for fighting pathogen induced infection
What is the function of monocytes?
Removing pathogens and dead cells from wounds
What are platelets also known as?
Thrombocytes
What is the liquid part of the blood known as?
Plasma
Define systole
The cardiac muscles are contracting and moving blood from any given chamber
Define diastole
The muscles are relaxing and the chamber is expanding to fill with blood
The blood from the left ventricle goes to?
The aorta and aortic arch
What is the first step for oxygenating the blood?
- The poorly oxygenated blood comes into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
What is the second step for oxygenating blood?
- The blood is then passed to the right ventricle which sends it through the pulmonary artery into the lungs were oxygenation occurs
What is the third step for oxygenating blood?
- The oxygen rich blood then comes to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins and gets moved from the left atrium to the left ventricle
What is the fourth step for oxygenating blood?
By way of blood pressure the blood is then sent from the left ventricle through the aorta and the aortic arch into the arteries in the whole body
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
Nose, nasal cavity, olfactory membranes, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and Larynx
What is the function of the nose?
Air intake and removing carbon dioxide
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Stop contaminants from the outside
What is the olfactory membranes responsible for?
Sense of smell
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasal pharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What is the epiglottis responsible for?
For ensuring that the air enters the trachea in the food interesting esophagus
What is the Larynx also known as
The voice box
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Trachea, bronchi, Lungs, and the muscles that help with breathing
What lines the inside of the trachea?
Goblet cells and cilia
From the primary bronchi how many branch from left to right?
2 extend from the left
3 Extend from right
Corresponding with the number of lobes in the lungs
True or false the secondary bronchi contain less cartilage and have more space in between rings
True
What lines the inside of the bronchi
Goblet cells and cilia
True or false the tertiary bronchi have less cartilage and have more space in between drinks
True
Bronchioles Branch from which bronchi
Tertiary
Do you bronchioles contain any cartilage at all?
None
Bronchioles are made out of what?
Smooth muscles and elastic fiber tissue so the can expand
Bronchioles end with what?
Terminal bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles connect to What?
Alveoli
Where does gas exchange happen ?
Alveoli
The inner surface of the alveoli is coated with what?
Alveolar fluid
What is the function of alveolar fluid?
Keeping the alveoli moist and the lungs elastic and the thin wall of the alveoli stable
What are the lungs surrounded by?
Pleura
What are the layers of the pleura from top to bottom
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Which muscles help with breathing out?
Internal intercostal muscles
Which muscles help with breathing in?
External intercostal muscles
What does breathing in and out also called
Pulmonary ventilation
What roles does the skeleton stystem play in the body
Providing support and protection, allowing movement, Blood cell genesis, storing fat iron and calcium, gilding the growth of the entire body
The skeleton can be divided into two parts. What are they known as
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What does the axial skeleton consist of
Consist of 80 bones placed along the bodies midline axis and grouped into skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Consist of 126 bones grouped in the upper and lower limbs and the pelvic and pectoral girdle’s
What is the bone matrix
Nonliving part of the bone
What is the bone matrix made out of
Water, collagen, protein, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate crystals
The living bone cells are also called what
Osteocytes
Where are osteocytes found
Bones and throughout the bone matrix and small cavities
What role do osteocytes play
A vital part in growth, development, and repair bones, and can be used for the minerals the store
What Are the layers of bones from top to bottom
Periosteum
Compact bone
Trabeculae
How many bones do we have when we are born
300
How many bones do adults have
206
What are the five types of bones
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones
What are the two regions of long bones
Epiphysis(END) and diaphysis(MIDDLE)
Only to sesamoid bones are actually counted as proper bones what are they
Patella and the pisiform bone
Flat bones do not contain what
Medullary cavity
What bones are classified as flat bones in the body
Ribs, hip bones, frontal and the Parietal and occipital bones of the skull
What do the short bones consist of
Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot
How many bones is the skull made out of
22
What is the order of the vertebral column
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx
How many bones does each three sections of vertebrae have
Cervical has seven
Thoracic has 12
Lumbar has five
What connects the ribs to the sternum
Costal cartilage
How many ribs does a human skeleton have
12
Which ribs are known as a true ribs
1-7
Which ribs are known as false ribs
8-12
Which ribs are known as the floating ribs
11 & 12
What are synovial joints
Small gap between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid
What are fibrous joints
Permit little to no movement
Visceral muscle is (?) type of muscle
Weakest
What is visercal muscle also known as?
Smooth muscle (because of its appearance under a microscope)
Can we move visceral muscle on our own?
No that is why it’s also know as involuntary muscle
Can we control heart muscle voluntarily
No it is also involuntary like visceral muscle
What are the muscle cells called?
Cardiomyocytes
What joins together cardiomyocytes
Intercalated discs
Can you contract skeletal muscle voluntarily
Yes
What covers the fibers structures in skeletal muscle
Sarcolemma
What is the function of sarcolemma
Serves as a conductor for electro chemical signals that tell the muscle to contract or expand
What is the function of transverse tubes
Transferred the signals deeper into the middle of the muscle fiber
What is necessary for muscle contraction and where is it stored
Calcium ions and Sarco plasmic reticulum
Skeletal muscles can be divided into two types what are they called
Type one and type 2 A and b
What are type one muscles
Are used for stamina and posture they produce energy from sugar from every aerobic respiration making them resistant to fatigue
Which muscles contract slowly in which muscles contract quickly
Type one contract slowly and type two contract more quickly
Where are type 2A found
Where are type 2B found
Legs
arms
The bone that remain stationary is called
Origin
The other bone that is actually moving towards the other is called what
Insertion
The muscle mainly responsible for action is called what
Agonist
Agnes is always paired with another muscle that does the opposite action and it is called what
Antagonist
Other muscles that support the antagonist include what
Synergist
(?) Are other support muscles that keep the origin stable
Fixators
The neurons that control muscles are called
Motor neurons
Motor neurons control the number of muscle cells that together are called
Motor unit
What are two ways muscles get energy
Area aerobic respiration(effective)
lactic acid fermentation(LESS effective)
Which is the strongest type of skeletal muscle
Type 2B
Myofibril cause what
Muscle contractions
Tendons always attach skeletal muscle to bone
On at least one end
Where is sperm Housed in
Scrotum
What is the pathway of sperm SEVEn UP (hint)
Seminiferous tubes Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra Penis
What is the function of the prostate gland
Produces nutrient build fluid that protects sperm and makes up the majority of semen
Before ejaculation the (?) Produces a thin alkaline fluid that flushes any remaining hearing from the urethra and makes up a small portion of the semen
Cowpers gland
Each ovary follicle contains what
Oocyte (undeveloped egg)
Where does fertilization take place
Fallopian tube
What are fertilized eggs also called
Zygotes
What does corpus luteum help with
Help oocyte mature into egg.
Mass of follicular tissue that provides nutrients to the egg and secrets estradiol and progesterone
After fertilization the cell will start to divide and after for five days become a bowl cells known as
Blastocyst
Where are blastocyst implanted into
Endometrium
The placenta develops from cells called
Trophoblast
Where do trophoblast come from
From the outer layer of blastocyst
What does the pituitary gland produce
Hormone which controls growth and some aspects of sexual functioning
What hormone do pituitary gland produce
Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, oxytocin, and follicle stimulating hormone
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Control the pituitary gland
What hormones does the hypothalamus release
Dopamine, thyrotropin releasing hormone, Growth hormone releasing hormone
What hormone does the pineal gland releases
Melatonin
What does the thyroid gland control
Protein production and the bodies use of energy
What hormones does the thyroid gland release
T3 and thyroxine
The parathyroid hormone regulates what
Calcium and phosphate levels
What hormones does pancreas release
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
What hormones do the adrenal glands release
Cortisol, testosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline, Dopamine
What does the adrenal medulla regulate
Flight or fight response
What does the adrenal cortex release
Corticosteroids and Androgens
What hormones do testes release
Testosterone and estradiol
What is the pathway of the G.I. tract
Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestines Large intestines
What are organs that help with the digestion even though they don’t pass through them
Teeth, tongue, salivary gland’s, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are the two rings of muscles in the esophagus called
Sphincters
What is the pathway through the intestinal tract (Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report)
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Cecum Appendix Colon Sigmoid colon Rectum
What are the four layers of the stomach started from top to bottom
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
What are the four different regions of the stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Where are most nutrients absorbed out of all the small intestines
Jejunum
The nervous system divided two parts what are they called
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
What is the CNS responsible for
Processing and storing information as well as deciding at appropriate action and issuing commands
What is the PNS responsible for
Gathering information and sending it to the CNS. And transporting commands from the CNS to appropriate organs
What are the two classes of nervous system cells
Neurons and neurolgia
(?) Are the nerve cells
Neurons
The (?) Is the body of the neuron it contains most of the cellular organelles
Soma
(?) Or a small tree like structures that extend from the soma
Dendrites
What is the function of dendrites
Carrie information to the Soma and sometimes away from it
Also extending from the soma is the long thin (?)
Axon
What is the axon responsible for
Sending information from the Soma rarely to it
Lastly the places were two neurons me or where they meet other types of cells are called
Synapses
Neurons can be divided into three classes what are they known as
Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Interneurons
What are you efferent neurons responsible for
Responsible for transmitting signals from the CNS to the effectors in the body
What are afferent neurons responsible for
Transmit signals from receptors in the body to the CNS
What are interneurons responsible for
Integrate the signals received from the afferent neurons and control the body by sending signals through the Efferent neurons
(?) Are the maintenance cells for the Neurons
Neuroglia
What does the CNS consist of
Brain and spinal cord
What are the two important structures that help protect the CNS
Meninges And the cerebral spinal fluid
What are the three layers of meninges starting from top to bottom
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
The nervous tissue that makes up the brains divided into two classes what are they
Gray matter and white matter
Gray matter consist mostly of what
Enter neurons that are unmyelinated
Where does this occur? Where the actual processing of signals happened. It is also where connections between neurons are made
Gray matter
White matter consist mostly of whatever
Myelinated neurons
(?) Is the tissue that conducts signals to from and between gray matter regions
White matter
