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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Lecture) > A&P 1: Integumentary System > Flashcards

A&P 1: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of the integumentary system

A

i. protecting the body
ii. temperature regulation
iii. production of vitamin D
iv. sensations

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2
Q

Skin

A

the largest body organ

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3
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis (superficial), dermis (middle), and hypodermis (deepest)

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4
Q

3 cell types in the epidermis

A

i. keratinocytes
ii. basal cells
iii. melanocytes

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant type in the epidermis; squamous cells filled with keratin that provide toughness and tear resistance; tight junctions and desmosomes link them together and exocytosis allow them to release lipids, helping to waterproof the epidermis; take up melanin through endocytosis

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6
Q

Basal Cells

A

stem cells found at the bottom of the epidermis; they regenerate the epidermis by continuously dividing to make new keratinocytes

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

located deep in the epidermis; produce melanin and release it by exocytosis; everyone has the same number of melanocytes, but some people produce more melanin than others

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8
Q

Melanin

A
  • tan-colored protein and the human body’s natural sunblock chemical; absorbs UV rays and protects the body from UV damage
  • people produce lighter or darker forms of melanin; there are six varieties of melanin
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9
Q

Callous

A

increased thickness in a region of the epidermis; caused by friction/rubbing; basal cells sense the friction, and this triggers more cell division, so there are more keratinocytes being made than those being shed

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10
Q

Dandruff

A

increased shedding of keratinocytes in the scalp; caused by a fungal keratinocyte infection that kills them off and makes them shed prematurely

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11
Q

Psoriasis

A

auto-immune disease where keratinocytes are mistaken for microbes by the immune system, leading to premature shedding; can be treated with immunosuppressive medications

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12
Q

Dermis

A

middle layer of the skin; made of connective tissue

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13
Q

2 regions of the dermis

A

i. papillary region
ii. reticular region

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14
Q

Papillary Region

A

contains:
* areolar connective tissue that binds the epidermis and dermis together
* blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, lymphatic vessels
* dermal papillae: ridges/bumps that project up into the epidermis; increase binding of the epidermis to the dermis; they’re larger in thicker areas of the skin (i.e., palms +soles) and this forms prints

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15
Q

Reticular Region

A

consists of dense irregular connective tissue, providing the skin with toughness; contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, oil glands, hair follicles, lymphatic vessels, and bodies of sweat

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16
Q

Hypodermis

A

bottom layer of the skin, also called the “subcutaneous layer”; composed of adipose tissue, stores triglycerides for fuel, insulates heat, and pads the body

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17
Q

3 factors/pigments that contribute to skin color

A

i. melanin
ii. carotene
iii. hemoglobin

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18
Q

Carotene

A

a type of vitamin A; orange-colored chemical that gives the skin its orangish hue; also found in yellow and orange vegetables

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red-colored protein in blood that makes the skin a reddish color; blood in the capillaries of the dermis and hypodermis help make the skin appear red

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20
Q

Suntan

A

high melanin production in the skin; UV stimulates the melanocytes to produce more melanin

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21
Q

Freckles

A

small patches of skin where melanocytes produce a high amount of melanin

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22
Q

Mole

A

a high number of melanocytes and large amount of produced melanin in a region of the skin

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23
Q

Albinism

A

genetic condition where an individual’s melanocytes don’t produce any melanin

24
Q

Vitiligo

A

auto-immune condition where the immune system attacks and kills melanocytes in patches/blotches of skin

25
Q

Tinea

A

also called “sunspots”; caused by a fungal infection that kills melanocytes

26
Q

Tattoo

A

ink being injected into the skin’s dermis

27
Q

3 functions of hair

A

i. shades the skin
ii. warmth
iii. touch/movement sensations

28
Q

Hair Follicle

A

holds the hair in the skin

29
Q

Matrix

A

portion of the follicle with basal cells and melanocytes

30
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

makes the hair stand on end-smooth muscles

31
Q

Hair Root Plexus

A

nerve that’s activated by hair movement

32
Q

Process of hair growth

A

the basal cells in the matrix divide into new keratinocytes at the base of the hair; hair can grow for several years, fall out of the follicle, and the matrix allows new hair to sprout; testosterone can make the hair grow thicker/wider

33
Q

Hair Colors

A
  • dark hair - large amount of melanin
  • light/blonde hair - low amount of melanin
  • red hair - modified form of melanin
  • grey hair - mix of white and colored hair
  • white hair - no melanin
34
Q

Hair Shapes

A
  • straight hair - circular-shaped melanocytes
  • wavy hair - oval-shaped melanocytes
  • curly hair - modified/irregular-shaped melanocytes
35
Q

Baldness

A

also called “male pattern baldness”; caused by a type of testosterone that the body makes later in life; causes the follicle to degenerate prematurely

36
Q

Rogaine Type meds

A

increased blood flow to the skin and increased nutrient delivery to the follicle

37
Q

Oil Glands

A

also called “sebaceous glands”; pouch-like glands connected to hair follicles; secrete oil, or “sebum”, onto the hair

38
Q

Sebum

A
  • made of ipids and contains anti-microbial factors
  • serves as the body’s natural hair conditioner
  • stops hair and skin from drying out and cracking/breaking
  • also hepls waterproof the skin and stop growth of certain bacteria
39
Q

Acne

A

infected oil gland; usually caused by bacteria

40
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

i. eccrine
ii.apocrine

41
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A
  • highly concentrated in skin of the palms, soles, and forehead
  • secrets a clear, watery sweat containing dissolved salts and wastes (urea, lactic acid, CO2, alcohol)
  • excretes wastes and cools the body
  • when body temperature increases during excitement, stress, or exercise, they’re stimulated to secrete sweat pools in skin
42
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • found in skin of the armpits, nipples, groin, and face
  • secrete a milky-colored sweat containing everything in eccrine sweat with additional proteins and lipids
  • The proteins and lipids are thought to function as pheremones: scent/fragrance molecules that attract a mate
43
Q

Tumor

A

an abnormal growth of cells; 2 types

44
Q

Benign Tumor

A

abnormal cell growth that isn’t dangerous to one’s health (not cancerous)

45
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

abnormal cell growth that IS dangerous for one’s health (cancerous); can interfere with functioning organs

46
Q

Metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells; when these cells break off of a tumor, they travel thoughout the body and form a new tumor elsewhere in the body

47
Q

3 common skin cancers

A

i. basal cell carcinoma
ii. squamous cell carcinoma
iii. melanoma

48
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

tumor made of mutant/irregular basal cells; tumors look like red moles; least malignant of the three types

49
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

tumor made of mutant keratinocytes; tumors look like warts and are commonly formed on the scalp, ears, lips, or face

50
Q

Melanoma

A

tumors of mutant melanocytes; most malignant of the three types; tumors look like moles and cells metastisize readily; this is difficult to treat becasue these cancer cells can’t be killed by conventional cancer meds

51
Q

ABCDE Method of Melanoma Detection

A

A - Asymmetry
B - Irregular Border
C - Multi-Colored
D - Diameter > Pencil
E - Evolution in Size/Shape

52
Q

Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

A
  • UV exposure throughout life
  • multiple sunburns
  • fair skin, blue eyes, blonde, or red hair
  • if your skin doesn’t tan
  • heredity/family history/genetics
53
Q

Burns

A

damage to the skin caused by heat, chemicals, friction, UV/radiation, electricity, or the cold; 3 types

54
Q

First Degree Burns

A

the least severe burn; there’s only damage to the epidermis; inflammation through redness, heat, pain, or swelling

55
Q

Second Degree Burns

A

damage to the epidermis and dermis; inflammation and blistering (fluid between the dermis and epidermis)

56
Q

Third Degree Burns

A

the most severe burn; damage to all three layers of the skin; microbes can enter through the burn site, making it life-threatening and difficult to treat; look like burnt BBQ or charred meat

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Lecture) (1 decks)

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