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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Lecture) > A&P 1: Integumentary System > Flashcards

A&P 1: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of the integumentary system

A

i. protecting the body
ii. temperature regulation
iii. production of vitamin D
iv. sensations

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2
Q

Skin

A

the largest body organ

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3
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis (superficial), dermis (middle), and hypodermis (deepest)

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4
Q

3 cell types in the epidermis

A

i. keratinocytes
ii. basal cells
iii. melanocytes

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant type in the epidermis; squamous cells filled with keratin that provide toughness and tear resistance; tight junctions and desmosomes link them together and exocytosis allow them to release lipids, helping to waterproof the epidermis; take up melanin through endocytosis

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6
Q

Basal Cells

A

stem cells found at the bottom of the epidermis; they regenerate the epidermis by continuously dividing to make new keratinocytes

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7
Q

Melanocytes

A

located deep in the epidermis; produce melanin and release it by exocytosis; everyone has the same number of melanocytes, but some people produce more melanin than others

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8
Q

Melanin

A
  • tan-colored protein and the human body’s natural sunblock chemical; absorbs UV rays and protects the body from UV damage
  • people produce lighter or darker forms of melanin; there are six varieties of melanin
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9
Q

Callous

A

increased thickness in a region of the epidermis; caused by friction/rubbing; basal cells sense the friction, and this triggers more cell division, so there are more keratinocytes being made than those being shed

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10
Q

Dandruff

A

increased shedding of keratinocytes in the scalp; caused by a fungal keratinocyte infection that kills them off and makes them shed prematurely

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11
Q

Psoriasis

A

auto-immune disease where keratinocytes are mistaken for microbes by the immune system, leading to premature shedding; can be treated with immunosuppressive medications

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12
Q

Dermis

A

middle layer of the skin; made of connective tissue

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13
Q

2 regions of the dermis

A

i. papillary region
ii. reticular region

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14
Q

Papillary Region

A

contains:
* areolar connective tissue that binds the epidermis and dermis together
* blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, lymphatic vessels
* dermal papillae: ridges/bumps that project up into the epidermis; increase binding of the epidermis to the dermis; they’re larger in thicker areas of the skin (i.e., palms +soles) and this forms prints

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15
Q

Reticular Region

A

consists of dense irregular connective tissue, providing the skin with toughness; contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, oil glands, hair follicles, lymphatic vessels, and bodies of sweat

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16
Q

Hypodermis

A

bottom layer of the skin, also called the “subcutaneous layer”; composed of adipose tissue, stores triglycerides for fuel, insulates heat, and pads the body

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17
Q

3 factors/pigments that contribute to skin color

A

i. melanin
ii. carotene
iii. hemoglobin

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18
Q

Carotene

A

a type of vitamin A; orange-colored chemical that gives the skin its orangish hue; also found in yellow and orange vegetables

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red-colored protein in blood that makes the skin a reddish color; blood in the capillaries of the dermis and hypodermis help make the skin appear red

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20
Q

Suntan

A

high melanin production in the skin; UV stimulates the melanocytes to produce more melanin

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21
Q

Freckles

A

small patches of skin where melanocytes produce a high amount of melanin

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22
Q

Mole

A

a high number of melanocytes and large amount of produced melanin in a region of the skin

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23
Q

Albinism

A

genetic condition where an individual’s melanocytes don’t produce any melanin

24
Q

Vitiligo

A

auto-immune condition where the immune system attacks and kills melanocytes in patches/blotches of skin

25
Tinea
also called "sunspots"; caused by a fungal infection that kills melanocytes
26
Tattoo
ink being injected into the skin's dermis
27
3 functions of hair
i. shades the skin ii. warmth iii. touch/movement sensations
28
Hair Follicle
holds the hair in the skin
29
Matrix
portion of the follicle with basal cells and melanocytes
30
Arrector Pili Muscle
makes the hair stand on end-smooth muscles
31
Hair Root Plexus
nerve that's activated by hair movement
32
Process of hair growth
the basal cells in the matrix divide into new keratinocytes at the base of the hair; hair can grow for several years, fall out of the follicle, and the matrix allows new hair to sprout; testosterone can make the hair grow thicker/wider
33
Hair Colors
* **dark hair** - large amount of melanin * **light/blonde hair** - low amount of melanin * **red hair** - modified form of melanin * **grey hair** - mix of white and colored hair * **white hair** - no melanin
34
Hair Shapes
* **straight hair** - circular-shaped melanocytes * **wavy hair** - oval-shaped melanocytes * **curly hair** - modified/irregular-shaped melanocytes
35
Baldness
also called "male pattern baldness"; caused by a type of testosterone that the body makes later in life; causes the follicle to degenerate prematurely
36
Rogaine Type meds
increased blood flow to the skin and increased nutrient delivery to the follicle
37
Oil Glands
also called "sebaceous glands"; pouch-like glands connected to hair follicles; secrete oil, or "sebum", onto the hair
38
Sebum
* made of ipids and contains anti-microbial factors * serves as the body's natural hair conditioner * stops hair and skin from drying out and cracking/breaking * also hepls waterproof the skin and stop growth of certain bacteria
39
Acne
infected oil gland; usually caused by bacteria
40
2 types of sweat glands
i. eccrine ii.apocrine
41
Eccrine Sweat Glands
* highly concentrated in skin of the palms, soles, and forehead * secrets a clear, watery sweat containing dissolved salts and wastes (urea, lactic acid, CO2, alcohol) * excretes wastes and cools the body * when body temperature increases during excitement, stress, or exercise, they're stimulated to secrete sweat pools in skin
42
Apocrine Sweat Glands
* found in skin of the armpits, nipples, groin, and face * secrete a milky-colored sweat containing everything in eccrine sweat with additional proteins and lipids * The proteins and lipids are thought to function as pheremones: scent/fragrance molecules that attract a mate
43
Tumor
an abnormal growth of cells; 2 types
44
Benign Tumor
abnormal cell growth that isn't dangerous to one's health (not cancerous)
45
Malignant Tumor
abnormal cell growth that IS dangerous for one's health (cancerous); can interfere with functioning organs
46
Metastasis
spread of cancer cells; when these cells break off of a tumor, they travel thoughout the body and form a new tumor elsewhere in the body
47
3 common skin cancers
i. basal cell carcinoma ii. squamous cell carcinoma iii. melanoma
48
Basal Cell Carcinoma
tumor made of mutant/irregular basal cells; tumors look like red moles; least malignant of the three types
49
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
tumor made of mutant keratinocytes; tumors look like warts and are commonly formed on the scalp, ears, lips, or face
50
Melanoma
tumors of mutant melanocytes; most malignant of the three types; tumors look like moles and cells metastisize readily; this is difficult to treat becasue these cancer cells can't be killed by conventional cancer meds
51
ABCDE Method of Melanoma Detection
**A** - Asymmetry **B** - Irregular Border **C** - Multi-Colored **D** - Diameter > Pencil **E** - Evolution in Size/Shape
52
Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
* UV exposure throughout life * multiple sunburns * fair skin, blue eyes, blonde, or red hair * if your skin doesn't tan * heredity/family history/genetics
53
Burns
damage to the skin caused by heat, chemicals, friction, UV/radiation, electricity, or the cold; 3 types
54
First Degree Burns
the least severe burn; there's only damage to the epidermis; inflammation through redness, heat, pain, or swelling
55
Second Degree Burns
damage to the epidermis and dermis; inflammation and blistering (fluid between the dermis and epidermis)
56
Third Degree Burns
the most severe burn; damage to all three layers of the skin; microbes can enter through the burn site, making it life-threatening and difficult to treat; look like burnt BBQ or charred meat

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Lecture) (1 decks)

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