A & P 1 - Final Flashcards
provides the force to move bones about their joints
muscular
responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses
nervous system
provides a rigid framework to support the body and stores minerals
skeletal system
prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesized vitamin D
integumentary system
provides antibodies that attach to foreign substances
immune system
controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones
endocrine
delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
cardiovascular
Produces antibodies that attach to foreign substances
immune
removes and filters excess fluid from tissues
lymphatic
arteries, veins, heart
cardiovascular
trachea, bronchi, alveoli
respiratory
adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary
endocrine
esophagus, large intestine, rectum
digestive
kidneys, bladder, ureters
urinary
arm
brachial
buttock
gluteal
head
cephalic
knee
patellar
chest
thoracic
Body’s structural hierarchy
place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organs
T/F molecules composed of two or more atoms are called compounds
FALSE
T/F the pH of blood plasma is approximately 7.4 which is slightly acidic
false
Blood is basic
which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction
AB+CD —— AC + BD
proteins perform all of the following functions except
store hereditary information
the most abundant element in the human body, by weight is
oxygen
what type of bond attracts one water molecule to another
hydrogen bond
legs moving the pedals of a bicycle
mechanical energy
when the bonds of ATP are broken, what energy is released to do cellular work
chemical energy
energy that travels in waves. part of the electromagnetic spectrum
radiant energy
represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane
electrical energy
ATP—ADP + Pi is an example of a _____ reaction
decomposition
a bond in which electrons are shared unequally
polar covalent bond
Note: one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, leading to a partial positive and negative charges in the molecule.
a bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved
ionic bond
a bond in which electrons are shared equally
nonpolar covalent bond
a type of bond important in trying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure
hydrogen bond
the plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________
phospholipids
in the glycocalyx, _____ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells
glycoproteins
the fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the ______
glycocalyx
______ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ acts as sensory “antennae” in many cells, and ______ increase a cell’s surface area
flagella, cilia, microvilli
the term ________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others
selectively permeable
cellular membranes are permeable to ______, but impermeable to _____-
nutrients, proteins
what do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport
Carrier-mediated transport - process by which substances are transported across a cell membrane with the assistance of a specific carrier protein.
which of the following processes require the use of energy
active transport
which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?
pinocytosis
white blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
phagocytosis
Which of the following is not a function of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer Transports sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell
note: it pumps sodium out and potassium in
which of these processes brings droplets of extracellular fluid into a cell
pinocytosis
which of the following does not affect the rate of diffusion
presence of enzymes
two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. if solution A has a higher concentration of a non-permeating solute than solution B, then
water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution b to a
a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. this means the concentration of solutes in the solution is _____ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ____
lower, shrink
I thinks it’s higher, shrink
which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
golgi complex
which of the following is a double membraned organelle consisting of a matric and cristae
mitochondrion
a ____ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA
nucleotide
copying genetic information from DNA to RNA is called _____- using the information contained in mRNA to make a polypeptide is called_______
transcription, translation
transcription occurs in the ______, but most translation occurs in the ______
nucleus, cytoplasm
the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called
interphase
cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
telophase
a mutation is ____
a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
DNA replication is called semiconservative because ____
each daughter DNA consists of one new helix and one old helix
cell division is stimulated by _____ and suppressed by _____
mitosis, cytokinesis
the stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is ____
metaphase
which of the processes occur during a cell’s first gap (G1) phase
the cell synthesizes proteins and grows
sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during _____ of the cell cycle
anaphase
chromatin shortens and thickens, coiling into compact rods during ____ of mitosis
prophase
if one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is ___ a allele
recessive
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________.
gene pool
in familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. this exemplifies ____
incomplete dominance
which of the following is not found in rna
thymine
A U & C G in RNA
A C & C G in DNA
cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met
they have grown large enough and replicated their DNA
the epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body
serous membrane
the epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane
mucous membrane
consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
cutaneous
lines blood vessels and the heart
endothelium
what tissue has lucanae, calcium salts, and blood vessels
osseous tissue
the blast cell for blood production is the
hemocytoblast
which of the following is a single celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes
simple squamous
which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers
epithelial tissue
the shape of the external ear is maintained by
elastic cartilage
a many layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as _______
stratified squamous
edema occurs when
areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area
heart muscle cells would tend to separate without __________
intercalated discs
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue.
embryonic
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneoum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Note Remember this is from outer to inner layer and that it’s not showing all layers.
the major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except
external root sheath
acne is a disorder associated with
sebaceous glands
the single most important risk for skin cancer is
over exposure to uv radiation
which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch
tactile corpuscle
the function of the root hair plexus is to
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
which glands produce ear wax
ceruminous glands
which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize
squamous cell carcinoma
the epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the heath, well being, and functioning of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement
stratum basale
the dermis is a strong flexible connective tissue layer. which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
reticular layer
sudoriferous glands are categorized as two distinct types which of the following are the two types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
burns are devastating and debilitating because of the loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. how do physicians estimate the extend
through blood analysis
what is the first threat to life from a massive third degree brun
catastrophic fluid loss
bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal
osteoporosis
bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. deforms on weight bearing
osteomalacia
Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.
pagets disease
An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.
greenstick
bone fragments into many pieces
comminuted
common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force
spiral
the lining of the marrow cavity
endosteum
Identify
simple cuboidal epithelium
Identify
cardiac muscle
Identify
stratified squamous epithelium
Identify
skeletal muscle
Identify
simple squamous epithelium
