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Audiology > A N P of Auditory System > Flashcards

A N P of Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Auditory System

A

Outer, Middle, Inner Ears, 8th Cranial Nerve (Vestibulocochlear)

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2
Q

Outer Ear Primary Structures

A

The Pinna (Auricle) and External Auditory Meatus (Ear Canal)

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3
Q

Pinna

A

External Ear, made of cartilage covered with skin.
Has characteristic folds
Resonant frequency at 1500 Hz
Same side localization

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4
Q

First 1/3 of external auditory canal is made of…

A

Cartilage, continuous with that of pinna

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5
Q

Inner 2/3 of Ex. Aud. Canal is…

A

the osseous/ bony portion.

Course through part of the temporal bone of skull

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6
Q

Osseocartilaginous Junction

A

Where the cartilaginous and osseous portions of ear canal meet

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7
Q

External Auditory Meatus

A

Direct Sound to Ear Drum
Situate eardrum deep to protect it from trauma
Often have a curve to enhance protection
Produces cerumen
Resonator tube, between 2,700 - 3,400 Hz, Increases by 10-20 dB

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8
Q

Cerumen

A

Help repel foreign bodies from entering the ear

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9
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum, Separates the outer and middle ear
Made of 3 Layers
1. Skin that is found in bony portion of ear canal
2. Fibrous connective tissue, allows to vibrate
3. Mucous Membrane
Can be divided into 4 quadrants
Semitransparent

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10
Q

Pars Tensa

A

Stiff, lots of fibrous tissue
Largest surface area of ear drum
Vibrates maximally

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11
Q

Pars Flaccida

A

Superior part of ear drum, no fibrous tissue

Vibrates minimally

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12
Q

Manubrium

A

Handle of the Malleus,

1 o’clock in the left ear 11 o’clock in the right ear

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13
Q

Otoscope

A

Allows one to see in ear canal

A healthy ear will reflect back a cone of light in anterior/inferior quadrant

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14
Q

Middle Ear Space

A

Air-filled space lined with mucous membrane

Irregularly shaped cavity

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15
Q

Tegmen Tympani

A

On the top

Thin layer of bone that separates the middle ear cavity from the brain

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16
Q

Fundus Tympani

A

On the floor

Thin plate of bone that separates the middle ear from the jugular bulb

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17
Q

Mastoid

A 
Posteriorly
Pneumatized bone (bone containing air pockets)
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18
Q

Ossicles/Ossicular Chain

A

The Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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19
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Leads to nasopharynx
Normally closed, opens when yawning, chewing, swallow
Keeps pressure in middle ear space at atmospheric

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20
Q

The middle ear is also an…

A

impedance-matching device

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21
Q

3 ways middle ear enhances sound intensity

A
  1. Lots of pressure on “big” eardrum, all transferred to tiny stapes, boost of 23 dB
  2. Tympanic Membrane is curved so more movement on curved aspects less near manubrium
  3. The ossicular chain is like a lever so it naturally increases sound pressure, provides boost of 2.4 dB
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22
Q

Middle Ear Muscles

A

Stapedius Muscle and Tensor Tympani Muscle

Both muscles respond reflexively and bilaterally

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23
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A

Originates in the posterior (mastoid) wall of the middle ear attaches to the neck of the stapes bone.
Contracts to protect inner ear when encounters loud noises

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24
Q

Tensor Tympani

A

Attaches to the manubrium of the malleus and contracts in response to nonauditory stimulation ie. air in ears of eyes

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25
Q

Acoustic Reflex Arc

A

When both stapedius muscles contract in response to loud sounds

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26
Q

2 Kinds of Reflex Pathways

A

Ipsilateral (Same-side) and Contralateral (opposite side) acoustic reflex pathways
Not fully understood in humans
2 pathways for each type
The 2 types differ from one another, and the 2 same differ from one another?!??!
Both pathways contain a series of synapses that travel from beginning (ventral cochlear nucleus) to end (Stapedius Muscle)

27
Q

Ipsilateral Synapses

A

The 8th nerve
the ventral cochlear nucleus
the ipsilateral facial (7th) nerve nucleus

28
Q

Contralateral Synapses

A

Ipsilateral Superior Olivary Complex
Contralateral facial nerve nucleus
7th facial nerve
Contralateral Stapedius Muscle

29
Q

Inner Ear

A

Vestibular System and the Cochlea

30
Q

Vestibular System

A

Deals with balance

Directly beyond the oval window is the vestibule which is filled with perilymph

31
Q

Membranous Sacs Located in the Vestibule

A

Utricle and Saccule

Surrounded by perilymph but filled with endolymph

32
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Arise from the utricle
Contain endolymph, surrounded by perilymph
Each canal contains an enlarged area called an ampulla

33
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlarged area in each semicircular canal

Ampullae contain cristae

34
Q

Cristae

A

Sense organs for balance

35
Q

….respond through fluid movement to changes in the body that require maintenance of balance

A

Utricle, saccule, and the semicircular canals

36
Q

The Cochlea

A

Contains the sense organ for hearing, the organ of Corti
Snail Shaped Organ, carved into the temporal bone
Scala, three primary chambers

37
Q

3 Types of Scala

A

Scala Vestibuli - Perilymph
Scala Media - Endolymph
Scala Tympani - Perilymph

38
Q

Scala Vestibuli

A

Lies immediately beyond the oval window, close to vestibule

39
Q

Scala Tympani

A

The lowermost chamber, terminates at the round window

40
Q

Helicotrema

A

Located at the top of the cochlea

The perilymphs “meet” here

41
Q

Scala Media

A

Most important, is in the middle, also known as Cochlea Duct

CONTAINS ENDOLYMPH

42
Q

Reissner’s Membrane

A

Separates Media from Vestibuli

43
Q

Baslar Membrane

A

Separates Media from Tympani

44
Q

Tonotopic

A

Different frequencies result in different points of displacement of the basilar membrane
High Freq. close to base, Low Freq. closer to apex

45
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Contains rows of outer and inner hair cells that differ in shape and function

46
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Overhangs organ of Corti

Some of the cilia (attached to outer hair cells) embedded into this membrane

47
Q

Hair Cells

A

Approx 12,000 outer hair cells configured in three rows throughout the cochlea
Approx. 3,500 inner hair cells, single row, do not come into contact with the tectorial membrane
About 30,000 between both ears

48
Q

Differentiation between inner/outer hair cells

A

Inner hair cells are afferent, they carry sound info to the brain
Outer hair cells are efferent, they carry messages from the brain to cochlea

49
Q

Movement of fluid in Scala Media

A

Stapes rocks back and forth, moving fluid in scala media
Causes basilar and tectorial membranes to move in different directions
Causes shearing which triggers an electrochemical reaction that transmits info to auditory neurons attached to the hair cells

50
Q

Modiolus

A

A central bony pillar in the cochlea from which auditory nerve fibers course through
Cell bodies of these neurons cluster and form the spiral ganglion which end up forming the cochlear branch of the auditory nerve?

51
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

The cochlear branch joins the vestibular branch of this nerve
Coursing through the internal auditory canal
Tonotopic characteristic of the cochlea is also present in the 8th nerve

52
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brainstem, spinal cord, and the brain

53
Q

Central Auditory System

A

involves those brainstem and brain structures responsible for directing signals from the peripheral auditory system to the cerebral cortex

54
Q

Auditory Nuclei

A

referred to as relay stations
the site of a series of synapses
this neuronal communication allows the central auditory system to make its contribution to auditory perception

55
Q

Cochlear Nuclei

A

Beginning of the central auditory system
Bundles of nerves located on the brainstem at the junction of the pons and the medulla
Believed that all fibers from the 8th cranial nerve terminate at the cochlear nuclei
Maintains tonotopic nature
Nerve Fibers either stay ipsilateral or go contralateral after this point

56
Q

Predominance of…

A

Contralateral fibers in the auditory system

Stimulation of one ear better represented on the cortex of the opposite side

57
Q

Importance of Contralateral Fibers

A
  1. Redundancy created by multiple overlapping pathways allows for more accurate perception of auditory information
  2. Ipsilateral fibers dominant peripheral auditory system
  3. More complex auditory tasks are processed using more central pathways
58
Q

Central Auditory Pathways

A 
Cochlear Nucleus
Superior Olivary Complex
Lateral Lemniscus
Inferior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate Body
Internal Capsule
Auditory Cortex
Corpus Callosum
59
Q

Superior Olivary Complex

A

Processes time and intensity cues, contribute to localization abilities
First point where a signal delivered to one ear is represented on both sides of the central auditory system
First instance of binaural representation of a monaurallay presented signal
TONOTOPICITY IS MAINTAINED

60
Q

Lateral Lemniscus

A

Considered by some to be the primary brainstem auditory pathway
Receives nerve fibers from the cochlear nuclei and the ipsilateral and contralateral portions of the superior olivary complex
TONOTOPICITY IS MAINTAINED
Redundancy contributes to our ability to perceive speech that is presented in poor conditions

61
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Located in the midbrain
Largest of the auditory structures of the brainstem ad contains neurons that are particularly sensitive to binaural stimulation.
TONOTOPICITY
Receives input from most of the fibers of the lateral lemniscus and lower auditory areas

62
Q

Medial Geniculate Body

A

Last subcortical auditory relay station
Located in the thalamus
Receives most of its fibers from the ipsilateral inferior colliculus and some from the lateral lemniscus
Contains neurons that are sensitive to binaural stimulation
TONOTOPIC

63
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A diffusely organized area comprised of nuclei and tracts that form the central portion of the brainstem
Interacts with the auditory system through its connections to the spinal cord and cerebrum
Prepares the cortex to respond to incoming auditory information and may have a role in selective attention

64
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Final auditory area in the process of auditory perception
Auditory reception are located in the temporal lobes of Heschl’s Gyrus
This area is capable of decoding info about frequency, intensity, and time

Audiology (3 decks)

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