A long and illustrious history: The Tudors and Stuarts Flashcards
After his victory in WofR, Henry VII wanted to ensure that England remained peaceful and that he was secure. What did he do to help with this?
Strengthened central administration and reduced power of the nobles. He also built up the monarchy’s financial reserves by being thrifty.
How did Henry VIII come into power? For how long was he in power?
He was the son of Henry VII and took over when his father died. 21 April 1509 until 28 Jan 1547 (death).
What was Henry VIII most famous for?
Breaking away from the Church of Rome and marrying six times.
Who was Henry VIII’s first wife?
Catherine of Aragon. She was a Spanish princess. They had numerous children but only one survived - Mary. Henry divorced Catherine because she became too old to have another child, and he wanted a wife that could give him a son.
Who was Henry VIII’s second wife?
Anne Boleyn. She was English. They had one daughter, Elizabeth. She was Executed at the Tower of London, accused of taking lovers.
Who was Henry VIII’s third wife?
Jane Seymour. They had a son together, Edward, but she died shortly after giving birth.
Who was Henry VIII’s fourth wife?
Anne of Cleves, a German Princess. Henry married her for political reasons but divorced her soon after.
Who was Henry VIII’s fifth wife?
Catherine Howard, cousin of Anne Boleyn. She was also executed at the Tower of London, accused of taking lovers.
Who was Henry VIII’s sixth wife?
Catherine Parr. She was a widow who married Henry late in his life. She survived him and married again but died soon after.
To divorce his first wife, who did Henry need approval from? Did he get the approval he needed?
The Pope. No.
What did Henry do when he was refused by the Pope?
Henry established the Church of England in which the king would have have the power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship.
At the same time, the Reformation was happening across Europe. What was the Reformation?
A movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
What did the Protestants do in the Reformation? What is their general belief?
Formed their own churches. They read the Bible in their own languages instead of Latin. They did not pray to saints or at shrines, and they believed that a persons own relationship with God was more important than submitting to the authority of the Church.
Where and when did Protestant ideas gradually gain strength?
England, Wales, and Scotland during the 16th century.
What led to a rebellion full of brutal fighting from the Irish chieftains?
The English trying to impose Protestantism & English systems of laws about inheritance of land.
During the reign of Henry VIII, Wales and England became formally united by what Act? What did this involve?
The Act of Government of Wales. The Welsh sent representatives to the House of Commons and the Welsh legal system was reformed.
Who was Henry VIII succeeded by? What was their religious belief?
His son, Edward VI, son of Jane Seymour. He was strongly Protestant.
What is the Book of Common Prayer?
A book that, written during Edward VI’s reign, that was to be used in the Church of England. A version of this book is still used in some churches today.
When did Edward VI die? Who succeeded him? What was their religious belief?
Edward died when he was 15, after ruling for 6 years. He was succeeded by his half-sister Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Mary was a devout Catholic.
What did Mary do to Protestants, and what did this make her known as?
She persecuted them, becoming known as Bloody Mary.
When did Mary die? Who succeeded her? What was their religious belief?
Mary died after a short reign, and the next monarch was her half-sister, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was a Protestant.
What did Elizabeth I re-establish?
Church of England as the official Church in England.
What did Elizabeth I enforce following this?
Everyone had to attend their local church and there were laws about the types of religious services and prayers which could be said, but Elizabeth did not ask about people’s real beliefs.
What did Elizabeth I succeed in finding a balance between? What did this accomplish?
The views of the Catholics and the more extreme Protestants. In this way, she avoided any serious religious conflict within England.
Elizabeth I became one of the most popular monarchs in English history, particularly after when?
After 1588 when the English defeated the Spanish Armada.
Why did Spain send the Spanish Armada?
To conquer England and restore Catholicism.
Scotland had also been strongly influenced by what religion?
Protestant.
In 1560, the predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolished the authority the authority of who, resulting in what services to become illegtal?
Of the Pope in Scotland, Roman Cathloic religious services.
A Protestant Church of Scotland but unlike in England, this Church was not?
A state church.
Who was Mary Stuart, and what else was she known by?
Queen of Scotland, “Mary, Queen of Scots.”
What religion was Mary?
Catholic.
How did Mary succeed the throne?
Her father died when she was a week old and she became queen.
Where did Mary spend most of her childhood? What was happened when she returned to Scotland?
France. She became the centre of a power struggle between different groups.
What happened to Mary’s husband? How did this affect Mary?
Her husband was murdered and she was suspected of involvement and fled to England to get aid from her cousin, Elizabeth I.
After Mary left Scotland, who did she give the throne to? What was their religion?
Her son, James VI. He was Protestant.
What did Elizabeth suspect Mary of? What happened to Mary?
Elizabeth thought Mary wanted the English throne and kept her a prisoner for 20 years, and then had her executed for plotting against Elizabeth.
The Elizabethan period in England was a time of growing patriotism, what does this mean?
A feeling of pride in being English.
Following the surge in patriotism, what did English explorers do?
Sought new trade routes and tried to expand British trade into the Spanish colonies in the Americas.
Who was Sir Francis Drake? What was significant about him?
One of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. His ship, Golden Hind, was one of the first to circumnavigate the world.
In Elizabeth I’s time, English settlers first began to colonise where?
Eastern coast of America.
Who is William Shakespeare, when was he alive?
1564 - 1616, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language
Where was Shakespeare born? What are some of his most famous plays? What did he write about?
Stratford-upon-Avon. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet. He wrong about kings and queens as well as ordinary Englishmen.
