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BVetMed3 - Reproduction > A Logical Aproach To Clinical Repro Disease > Flashcards

A Logical Aproach To Clinical Repro Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are common ‘female’ problems that owners consult the vet about?

A 
Neutering
Stopping a season 
Suspected pregnancy 
Misalliance - accidental mating
Calling - cats in oestrus, owner confusion
False pregnancy 
Lactation 
Dystocia 
Mating time
Fertility problems
Vulval discharge 
Vulval mass
Vulval swelling 
Abdominal distension
Systemic illness
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2
Q

What are the common ‘male’ problems that owners consult the vet about?

A 
Neutering 
Behavioural modification 
Testicles missing 
Testicles of different sizes 
Difficulty defecating 
Systemic illness
Preputial discharge 
Penis sticking out 
Penile mass
Penile/testicular injury
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3
Q

What is the first question you should consider when presented with a repro case?

A

Is it a manifestation of normal reproductive physiology?

OR

Is there clinical disease?

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4
Q

What history should you take for a repro case?

A 
Define owners problem / reason for coming in 
Age, Breed, Sex
Neutered/entire
Females
 - Last season: when?, normal?
 - Breeding history
Current/planned use of animal
Previous illness/surgeries
Additional general information
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5
Q

How would you perform a (repro) clinical exam on a female patient?

A 
General PE
Vulva
Mammary glands
\+/- vaginal examination
\+/- rectal examination 
Response to behavioural stimuli- pressure on rump
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6
Q

How would you perform a (repro) clinical exam on a male patient?

A 
General PE
Scrotum and testes 
Prepuce and penis 
\+/- mammary glands
Rectal examination
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7
Q

What should you look for when doing a general PE (repro)?

A

BCS
Pyrexic?
Signs of anaemia or sepsis
Lymphadenopathy

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8
Q

What should you look for when doing an abdominal examination (repro)?

A 
Abdominal mass
Uterine enlargement 
Fluid thrill
Visceral displacement 
Pain
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9
Q

What should you look for when checking mammary glands (repro)?

A

Enlargement/masses
Lactation/discharge
Pain

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10
Q

What should you look for when checking the vulva/prepuce (repro)?

A

Check skin, shape, position
Look for skin abnormalities
Check for discharge
Check mucous membranes and mucocutaneous junctions
Extrude penis and examine - shaft and external urethral orifice

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11
Q

What should you look for when checking the scrotum (repro)?

A

Check skin
Presence of TWO testicles
Testicular size, shape, consistency, mobility and pain

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12
Q

What can be checked during rectal examination?

A 
Anal sacs
Urethra 
Prostate/Vagina (ventral)
Enlarged dorsal lymph nodes 
Pelvic diameter
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13
Q

What are the signs of oestrus?

A

Vulval enlargement
Standing on rump pressure +/- displacement of the tail
Haemorrhagic/straw coloured discharge
Characteristic smell

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14
Q

Why are several reproductive problems rare in neutered animals?

A

Because they are hormonally driven

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15
Q

What might haematology and biochemistry be useful for?

A

Allow detection of many changes including those that are suggestive of:

  • Infection/sepsis
  • Azotaemia
  • Hypo/Hyper calcaemia
  • Anaemia
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16
Q

Why are urinalysis and urine bacteriology important diagnostics?

A

Reproductive and urinary tract intimately associated

  • infection in one closely related to infection in the other
17
Q

Why can hormonal assays be useful?

A

Helpful for:

  • Detecting incompletely excised gonadal tissue
  • To aid pregnancy diagnosis
  • Predict ovulation and optimal mating time
18
Q

What hormone assays are available?

A 
Testosterone 
Oestrogen 
Progesterone 
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Relaxin
19
Q

What are the most useful diagnostic imaging techniques for repro problems?

A

Radiography (plain and contrast)
Ultrasound

CT of increasing importance

20
Q

When might ultrasound be useful?

A
  • Imaging parenchymatous organs
  • Distinguishing fluid from soft tissues
  • Allowing image guided centesis and biopsies to be performed
  • Assessing viability of pregnancy
  • detecting free abdominal fluid
  • Determining origin of organ enlargement
  • Abdominal pathology/ change
21
Q

What is ultrasound not good at?

What imaging can be used to compensate for this?

A

Imaging intrapelvic structures
Detecting bony change

Radiography

22
Q

What is radiography most useful for?

A

Imaging bony changes e.g.

  • foetal mineralisation and number
  • pelvic anatomy
  • injury to os penis

Contrast techniques can demonstrate extent and location of luminal abnormalities e.g vagina and urethra

Thoracic radiography for detection of pulmonary metastasis

23
Q

How can endoscopy be useful for reproductive exams?

A

Vaginal mucosa changes in appearance - stage of oestrus cycle

Detection of sepsis, septa’s, neoplasia, foreign bodies

Biopsy and collection of discharge

(Less common in cats)

24
Q

What categories of biopsy can be taken?

A

Incisional
Excisional
Needle (core biopsy)
Grasping forceps

BVetMed3 - Reproduction (1 decks)

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