A level sociology paper 2- AQA

Question 1

What does Dobash and Dobash say about domestic violence?

Answer 1

Domestic violence results from patriarchy

Question 2

What does Wilkinson say about domestic violence?

Answer 2

Domestic violence results from stress from being poor

Question 3

What does parsons say about the family’s roles?

Answer 3

Believes men and women have a biologically suited role that are functional for society:

Expressive role- women= homemaker (cooking,cleaning,cooking after kids)

Instrumental role- men= breadwinner (earning income for the family)

Question 4

What does Willmott and young say about the family?

Answer 4

Believes there is an increase in symmetrical families as a result of increased joint conjugal roles

Question 5

What does Bott say about the family?

Answer 5

Segregated conjugal roles- division of labour between men and women- leisure time spent separately

Joint conjugal roles- couples share domestic tasks + leisure time

Question 6

What is the march of progress view?

Answer 6

The ‘new man’ means couples have an equal share of housework and childcare

Question 7

What is a dual burden?

Answer 7

Women now do paid work and domestic work (Feri and smith)

Question 8

What does Postman say about childhood?

Answer 8

• Its disappearing, kids and adults have some of the same rights, unsupervised traditional games are disappearing
  -kids commit ‘adult crimes’
  -tv does not require special skills to access it

Question 9

What does Palmer say about childhood?

Answer 9

-‘ Toxic childhood’ - rapid technological/cultural changes have damaged kids physical, emotional and intellectual development
-result of intensive marketing to kids, parents working long hours and testing in education

Question 10

What is the march of progress view on childhood?

Answer 10

• improved significantly, due to how kids are perceived as vulnerable people who need taking care of
• Have been laws which improve the experience of childhood (Eg, laws banning child labour)

Question 11

What do functionalists believe about the family?

Answer 11

• argues it plays a vital role in providing beneficial functions to meet the needs of society and individual members

Question 12

What do Marxists believe about the family?

Answer 12

-argues it helps maintain class inequalities

Question 13

What do feminists believe about the family?

Answer 13

• argues the family is the main source of oppression of women

Question 14

What is Murdocks 4 essential functions the nuclear family perform?

Answer 14

. Socialisation
. Economic gratification
.Reproduction
.Stable satisfaction of the sex drive

Question 15

What 2 functions does Parsons say are most important? (the functional fit)

Answer 15

. Primary socialisation of the young- equipping the next generation with basic skills and society’s values

. Stabilisation of adult personalities- enabling adults to relax so they can return to the workplace + perform their roles effectively

Question 16

Give 3 reasons for the decline in birth rate

Answer 16

. Changes in the position of women- increased educational opportunities, more women in paid work, different ambitions, access to abortion and contraception

. Child centredness- Childhood is now socially constructed/ important period of life, parents focus on quality not quantity- they have fewer children to give more attention and resources to

. Fall in mortality rate- improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of hygiene, improved technology

Question 17

What are the impacts of a declining birth rate?

Answer 17

. Dependency ratio increases
. Public services- fewer schools, child health services
. Workings population earnings support the dependent population through tax

Question 18

Give 3 reasons for a decline in death rate

Answer 18

. Improved nutrition
. Medical improvements
. Social change- decline in manual labour, better knowledge of disease

Question 19

Give 3 reasons for an ageing population

Answer 19

. Increased life expectancy
. Low infant morality rate
. Declining fertility

Question 20

What are the impacts of an ageing population?

Answer 20

. Ageism
. Rising dependency ratio
. Increased strain on public sevices

Question 21

What percentage of marriage ends in divorce?

Answer 21

40%

Question 22

Give 3 reasons for the increase in divorce over the past 60 years?

Answer 22

. Legal changes- easier to access, equalising both grounds between both genders

. Less stigma- more common and widely accepted

. Women’s financial independence - more employed, less economically dependent on a man, can afford divorce

Question 23

Give 3 reasons for the decrease in marriage rates

Answer 23

. Alternatives to marriage are less stigmatised (cohabitation)

.Impact of feminism- marriage seen as a patriarchal institution

.Rising divorce rates- Puts women off marriage

Question 24

What do the new right say about family diversity?

Answer 24

-believe that the nuclear family as the only ‘natural’ family type
-other family types produce social problem (eg, lone parent families lead to a dependency culture)
-welfare benefits have encouraged such deviant family types

Question 25

What does parsons state about family diversity (functionalism)

Answer 25

• family diversity has increased, shift away from nuclear family
  -more common for reconstituted, lone-parent + cohabiting families to exist
• nuclear family is the only type functional for society

Question 26

What does chester say about family diversity?

Answer 26

-although there has been some increase in diversity, nuclear family still remains dominant
- been important changes from the conventional family to the neo-conventional family; adopts a symmetrical family structure

Question 27

What does Giddens
+ Becks believe about family diversity (postmodernism)?

Answer 27

• society has become ‘disembedded’ from traditional family structures, leaving us free to choose how we live our lives
• led to the ‘pure relationship’- exists to satisfy each partners needs

-equality and individualism have created the ‘negotiated family’, varied according to the members wants

Question 28

What does fletcher state about social policy?

Answer 28

-introduction of health, education and housing policies since the industrial revolution has gradually led to the development of the welfare state that supports the family in performing its functions effectively

Question 29

What does Donzelot say about social policy?

Answer 29

-rejects the functionalist view, argues social policy is a form of state control of the family

-theorised ‘the policing of families’: social workers, doctors use their knowledge to control + gain families

• surveillance is not targeted equally on social classes; ‘poor’ likely to be seen as a ‘problem’ + cause of crime + anti-social behaviour

Question 30

What does Murray say about social policy (new right)?

Answer 30

-argues the state is providing overly generous welfare benefits
-these policies offer perverse incentives’, meaning that the state rewards people for irresponsible or antisocial behaviour

Question 31

What does Leonard argue about social policy (feminism)?

Answer 31

where policies support women, they still reinforce the patriarchal family and act as a form of social control over women

Question 32

What is Birth rate?

Answer 32

The number of live births per 1000

Question 33

What is Death rate?

Answer 33

The number of deaths per 1000

Question 34

What does Engels say about the family?

Answer 34

The family only exists so men can pass their private property, onto their biological offspring, notably a son