A level exam: Chapter 2-Tsar Reformer Flashcards
What was Alexander II’s biggest reform?
Emacipating the serfs in 1861. He freed 51 million serfs who were privately owned. However, serfs still had to pay redemption payments for over 49 years and had to remain in their peasant community. Land owners were given compensation for losing their serfs.
What were the results of emancipation?
Kulaks (wealthier land peasants) did well as they bought up extra land to grow crops and export them for profit. Also some moved to cities and got jobs in factories. However, most peasants were allocated tiny amounts of land and only 50% of peasants could produce surplus in 1878. Landowners were also angry at their loss of influence.
What military reforms were there?
Conscirption was made compulsory for all classes but the length of service was reduces to 15 years, punishments were made less severe, military colleges were set up with training and there were education campaigns.
What local government reforms were there?
Zemstvas were formed as local councils and they could improve local services. Poor relief could be administered to those in need but they had no control over local taxes. Also, they attracted doctors and lawyers who wanted to criticise the government rather than help the local area.
What judiciary reforms were there?
People were now innocent until proven guilty and criminal cases were heard before barristas and a jury to ensure some fairness. Courts were opened to the public and proceedings could be freely reported.
What education reforms were there?
Universities were able to govern themselves and the zemstva were responsible instead of the church. Schools were declared open for all regardless of class and sex.
What censorship reforms were there?
Restrictions on publishers were reduced and foreign publications were permitted with government approval. This led to a growth in the number of books and newspapers on sale.
