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A-Level Physical Geography - Coastal Systems & Landscapes: > A-Level - Coastal Systems & Landscapes Glossary: > Flashcards

A-Level - Coastal Systems & Landscapes Glossary: Flashcards

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1
Q

List Marine Erosional Processes:

A

1) Hydraulic Action,
2) Abrasion,
3) Attrition,
4) Solution,
5) Corrasian,
6) Wave Quarrying,
7) Glacial Erosion,
8) Freeze Thaw Weathering.

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2
Q

What is Hydraulic Action?

A

The pressure of compressed air forced into cracks in a rock face, causing the rock to weaken and break apart.

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3
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Loose material is ‘sandpapered’ along the walls and floors of the river, cliff, or glacier.

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4
Q

What is Attrition?

A

The smashing of sediment against each other, causing rocks to break apart becoming smaller and more rounded.

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5
Q

What is Solution / Corrosion?

A

The acidic properties of the seawater causing alkaline rocks such as limestone to be eroded.

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6
Q

What is Corrasion?

A

When breaking waves hurl material / sediment at a cliff face, physically eroding material.

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7
Q

What is Wave Quarrying?

A

The process of breaking waves hitting a cliff face, exerting a pressure up to 30 tonnes per metre squared, significantly more powerful than hydraulic action.

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8
Q

What is Glacial Erosion?

A

The removal of loose material by glacier ice, involving plucking, abrasion, crushing, and basal meltwater.

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9
Q

What is Freeze Thaw Weathering?

A

A form of sub-aerial weathering, where water freezes in the cracks of a rock, expands, and enlarges the crack, weakening the rock.

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10
Q

List Marine Transportational Processes:

A

1) Traction,
2) Saltation
3) Suspension,
4) Solution,
5) Longshore Drift,
6) Mass Movement,
7) Subaerial Processes.

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11
Q

What is Traction?

A

Large, heavy rocks being rolled along the river bed.

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12
Q

What is Saltation?

A

Smaller sediment bouncing along the sea bed, being pushed by the current.

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13
Q

What is Suspension?

A

Fine light material carried along in the waters current.

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14
Q

What is Solution?

A

Dissolved minerals / sediment within the water, potentially in chemical form.

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15
Q

What is Longshore Drift?

A

The transportation of sediment along a beach, determined by the direction of the prevailing wind.

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16
Q

What is Mass Movement?

A

The falling or movement of rock, often due to gravity.

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17
Q

What are Sub-Aerial Processes?

A

The combination of mass movement and weathering that affects the coastal land above the sea.

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18
Q

What is Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks, (mechanical, biological, or chemical) over time.

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19
Q

What is Mechanical (Physical) Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks due to exertion of physical forces without any chemical changes taking place.

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20
Q

What are the Three Examples Of Mechnical Weathering?

A

1) Freeze-Thaw Weathering,
2) Salt Crystallation,
3) Wetting & Drying.

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21
Q

What is Chemical Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions.

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22
Q

What are the Three Examples of Chemical Weathering?

A

1) Carbonation,
2) Oxidation,
3) Solution.

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23
Q

What is Biological Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks by organic activity.

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24
Q

What are the Five Examples of Biological Weathering?

A

1) Plant Roots,
2) Birds,
3) Rock Boring,
4) Seaweed Acids,
5) Decaying Vegetation.

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25
Q

What is Freeze Thaw Weathering?

A

A form of sub-aerial weathering, where water freezes in cracks, expands, weakening the rock.

26
Q

What is Salt Crystallation?

A

The process of seawater evaporating, leaving salt behind, forming salt crystals, which exert pressure on a rock face, forcing cracks to widen.

27
Q

What is Wetting & Drying?

A

Rocks such as clay expanding when wet, and contracting again when drying. Causing rocks to break apart.

28
Q

What is Carbonation?

A

Rainwater absorbing CO2 from the air to create a weak carbonic acid, reacting with calcium carbonate to form calcium bicarbonate which can be easily dissolved.

29
Q

What is Oxidation?

A

When minerals become exposed to the air through cracks and fissures, the mineral becomes oxidised increasing its volume causing the rock or crumble through mechanical weathering.

30
Q

What is Solution?

A

Rock minerals such as rock salt dissolving in water.

31
Q

What is Rock Boring?

A

Wildife secreting chemicals that dissolve rocks, or borrowing into rock faces.

32
Q

What are Seaweed Acids?

A

Seaweed species containing packets of sulphuric acid, which dissolve rock minerals on impact.

33
Q

What is Decaying Vegetation?

A

Water that flows through decaying vegetation, which is acidic, causing chemical weathering.

34
Q

What is Soil Creep?

A

The movement of soil particles downhill, leading to the formation of shallow terracettes.

35
Q

What is Soliflucation?

A

The top layer of ice melting, flowing over the frozen layers.

36
Q

What are Mudflows?

A

The increase in water content within the soil, reducing friction, causing mud to flow over underlying bedrock.

37
Q

What is Rockfall?

A

When steep or sloped cliffs are exposed to mechanical weathering, leading to scree or rock fragments falling.

38
Q

What is a Landslide?

A

Heavy rainfall leading to water infiltration between joints and bedding planes, reducing friction and creating a landslide.

39
Q

What is Landslip / Slumping?

A

A curved slope collapsing under its own weight, as a result of pore water increasing pressure.

40
Q

What are the Six Examples of Mass Movement?

A

1) Soil Creep,
2) Rockfall,
3) Land Slip / Slumping,
4) Landslide,
5) Soliflucation,
6) Mudflow.

41
Q

What is Grading?

A

The layering of sediments based on their size.

42
Q

What is Till?

A

Deposits of angular rock fragments in a finer medium.

43
Q

What is Gravity Settling?

A

The water’s velocity decreases, so sediment begins to be deposited.

44
Q

What is Flocculation?

A

Clay particles clump together due to chemical attraction, and then sink due to their high density.

45
Q

What is Geology?

A

The structure and arrangement of a rock.

46
Q

What is Beach Morphology?

A

The surface shape of the beach.

47
Q

What is Nearshore?

A

The area before the shore where the wave steepness breaks before they reach the shore and then reform before breaking on the beach.

48
Q

What is Foreshore?

A

The lower part of the beach covered twice a day at high tide.

49
Q

What is Backshore?

A

The upper part of the beach closest to the land.

50
Q

What is an Emergent Coastline?

A

A coastline that is advancing relative to the sea level.

51
Q

What is a Submergent Coastline?

A

A coastline that is shrinking relative to the sea level.

52
Q

What is a Concordant Coastline?

A

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run parallel to the coastline.

53
Q

What is a Discordant Coastline?

A

A coastline where bands of alternate geology run perpendicular to the coastline.

54
Q

What is a Dalmation Coastline?

A

A concordant coastline with several river valleys running perpendicular to the coast. They become flooded to produce parallel long islands and long inlets.

55
Q

What is a High Energy Environment?

A

A coastline where wave action is predominantly large destructive waves, causing high levels of erosion.

56
Q

What is a Low Energy Environment?

A

A coastline where wave action is predominantly small constructive waves, causing deposition.

57
Q

What is the Littoral Zone?

A

The area of land between the cliffs or dunes on a coast, and the offshore area that is beyond the influence of the waves.

58
Q

What is the Littoral Cell?

A

An open system section of coast, within which involves sediment movement.

59
Q

What is the Sediment Cell?

A

Sections of the coast bordered by prominent headlands. Dynamic equilibrium.

60
Q

What is the Sediment Budget?

A

Use of data inputs, output stores, and transfers to assess the gains and losses of sediment within a sediment cell.

61
Q

What is Eustatic Change?

A

Global changes to the sea levels.

62
Q

What is Isostatic Change?

A

A change in local coastline or land height relative to sea level.

A-Level Physical Geography - Coastal Systems & Landscapes: (2 decks)

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