A LEVEL BIO REVISION Flashcards
1
Q
Number
A
Question
2
Q
1
A
What is a light microscope used for?
3
Q
2
A
What are the pros and cons of a light microscope?
4
Q
3
A
What is a laser scanning confocal microscope used for?
5
Q
4
A
Whatis a transmission electron microscope be used for?
6
Q
5
A
What is a scanning electron microscope used for?
7
Q
6
A
What are the pros and cons of an electron microscope?
8
Q
7
A
What is the difference between a transmission and an scanning electron microscope?
9
Q
8
A
What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?
10
Q
9
A
What is an eye piece graticule?
11
Q
10
A
What is a stage micrometer?
12
Q
11
A
Why do we stain specimens?
13
Q
12
A
What is differential staining?
14
Q
13
A
What is the formula to calculate magnification?
15
Q
14
A
What is the formula to calculate actual object size?
16
Q
15
A
How do we work out image size?
17
Q
16
A
What is magnification?
18
Q
17
A
What is resolution?
19
Q
18
A
What are the maximum resolutions of the different microscopes?
20
Q
19
A
What is the maximum magnification of the different microscopes?
21
Q
20
A
What are the main structures of all eukaryotic cells?
22
Q
21
A
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
23
Q
22
A
What is the structure and function of the nucleolus?
24
Q
23
A
What is the structure and function of the nuclear envelope?
25
24
What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
26
25
What is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
27
26
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
28
27
What is the structure and function of the ribosomes?
29
28
What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
30
29
What is the structure and function of the lysosomes?
31
30
What is the structure and function of the chloroplasts?
32
31
What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
33
32
What is the structure and function of the centrioles?
34
33
What is the structure and function of the cell wall?
35
34
What is the structure and function of the flagella?
36
35
What is the structure and function of the cillia?
37
36
Which structures are involved in the production of proteins?
38
37
What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?
39
38
What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?
40
39
What is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
41
40
How do prokaryotes divide?
42
41
List out the elements that make up proteins.
43
42
Explain the polar nature of water.
44
43
What allows water molecules to have cohesive and adhesive properties?
45
44
Describe the structure of amylose, including the bonds involved and the shape.
46
45
Describe the structure of amylopectin, including the bonds involved and the shape.
47
46
State the two structures that make up starch.
48
47
State the reaction that breaks down maltose.
49
48
What is the reaction to join monosaccharides together?
50
49
What are the 3 types of polysaccharides that α-glucose can form?
51
50
What are the two monosaccharides that join up to make sucrose?
52
51
1,6 glycosidic bonds are found on ........
53
52
β-glucose can only be found in ........
54
53
How are the monosaccharides in cellulose arranged?
55
54
Based on the arrangement of cellulose molecules, explain why cell walls provide strength and support to plant cells.
56
55
What does the Benedict's test test for?
57
56
Explain how a positive result is formed in Benedict's test.
58
57
How can we test for starch?
59
58
How can we use a colorimeter to do a quantitative Benedict's test?
60
59
What are the two parts that make up a carboxylic acid?
61
60
How many water molecule(s) is/are needed when breaking down a triglyceride?
62
61
What is another term for the condensation reaction that makes lipids?
63
62
What is the difference in structure between saturated and unsaturated lipids?
64
63
Why do oils contain unsaturated triglycerides rather than saturated?
65
64
What is the difference in structure between triglyceride and phospholipid?
66
65
Describe the phospholipid bilayer arrangement.
67
66
Describe 2 similarities and 1 difference between phospholipids and sterols.
68
67
Describe the steps in identifying lipids and state the positive result.
69
68
State the monomer of a protein.
70
69
What are the components that make up an amino acid?
71
70
Name the bond formed between two amino acids.
72
71
What is the primary structure of a protein?
73
72
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
74
73
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
75
74
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
76
75
State the bond involved in the primary structure of a protein.
77
76
Stat the bond involved in the secondary structure of a protein
78
77
State the bond involved in the tertiary structure of a protein.
79
78
State the bond involved in the quaternary structure of a protein.
80
79
Name the reaction that breaks down proteins.
81
80
What is the solution used to test for the presence of proteins?
82
81
Describe a positive result for proteins.
83
82
What is thin layer chromatography?
84
83
Based on what principles are the amino acids separated in TLC?
85
84
Why should the chromatography plate be only handled by the edges?
86
85
What are the three types of proteins?
87
86
Explain why insulin is soluble in blood.
88
87
What are prosthetic groups?
89
88
Give an example of a conjugated protein.
90
89
Compare the haem groups in haemoglobin and catalase.
91
90
How many haem groups do a haemoglobin contain?
92
91
Explain why keratin is relatively strong, inflexible and insoluble.
93
92
Briefly describe the structure of collagen.
94
93
What bonds do DNA/RNA polymerase catalyse?
95
94
Name the monomer of a nucleic acid.
96
95
State the five possible bases of a nucleotide.
97
96
State the three components to a DNA nucleotide.
98
97
The two strands of the double helix are ............. to each other.
99
98
Thymine, cytosine and uracil belong to a group of bases. Name the group.
100
99
Adenine and guanine belong to a group of bases. Name the group.
101
100
State the complementary base pairings.
102
101
State the number of hydrogen bonds formed between adenine and thymine/uracil.
103
102
State the number of hydrogen bonds formed between cytosine and guanine.
104
103
Why is DNA replication described as semi-conservative?
105
104
State the enzymes involved in DNA replication.
106
105
State the function of DNA polymerase.
107
106
State the function of DNA helicase.
108
107
The free nucleotides pair up with the exposed bases on the DNA strands based on ...... (which principle?)
109
108
DNA polymerase can only build phosphodiester bonds on the daughter strand in a particular direction. What is this direction?
110
109
In which direction of the template strand does the DNA polymerase move in?
111
110
Define 'genetic code'.
112
111
The genetic code is described as 'degenerate'. What does that mean?
113
112
Define 'gene'.
114
113
What is a codon?
115
114
What are the two differences between DNA and RNA?
116
115
Name the enzymes involved in transcription.
117
116
Why is the antisense strand needed even though it does not code for proteins?
118
117
What type of bond does mRNA have?
119
118
Even though DNA codes for proteins directly, why is mRNA needed to be made for making proteins?
120
119
How is rRNA involved in catalysing translation?
121
120
Which part of tRNA binds to the mRNA?
122
121
Name the amino acid that is always at the start of a protein.
123
122
Describe what happens to the amino acid chain to make it a fully functional protein.
124
123
State the two stages of protein synthesis.
125
124
Name the product of transcription.
126
125
Name the product of translation.
127
126
State the location where translation occurs.
128
127
What are the three main types of activities in cells that require energy?
129
128
What does 'ATP' stand for and what is it?
130
129
Draw the structure of ATP.
131
130
How does ATP release energy?
132
131
State 3 properties of ATP.
133
132
What are metabolic reactions?
134
133
What are anabolic reactions?
135
134
What are catabolic reactions?
136
135
What are enzymes?
137
136
Name the energy that is required to start a reaction.
138
137
What are enzymes' effect on the activation energy of a reaction?
139
138
Name the area on the enzyme that binds to and reacts with the substrate.
140
139
The active site has a _____ shape to the substrate.
141
140
Name the two models used to illustrate enzyme actions.
142
141
Name the structure where the enzyme and substrate are bound together.
143
142
What is the difference between the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model?
144
143
Name an intracellular enzyme.
145
144
Name an extracellular enzyme.
146
145
Define the term ‘denaturation’.
147
146
Explain how an increase of temperature increases enzyme activity.
148
147
Explain how high temperatures can denature enzymes.
149
148
What is the temperature coefficient (Q10)?
150
149
How are the enzymes in organisms that live in cold environments adapted?
151
150
How are the enzymes in organisms that live in hot environments adapted?
152
151
How does a change in pH affect enzyme structure?
153
152
Explain why an increase in substrate concentration increases rate of reaction.
154
153
What does it mean by a ‘reversible’ inhibitor?
155
154
Most competitive inhibitors are reversible or irreversible?
156
155
Explain how Vmax of the enzyme can be unchanged in competitive inhibition.
157
156
What types of inhibitor does aspirin belong to?
158
157
Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition mechanisms.
159
158
Explain how an increase in substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction in non-competitive inhibition.
160
159
State two examples of irreversible, non-competitive inhibitors for human use.
161
160
What is end-product inhibition?
162
161
How does ATP regulate its own production by end-product inhibition?
163
162
State the difference between cofactors and coenzymes.
164
163
From which chemical are cofactors derived from?
165
164
From which chemical are coenzymes derived from?
166
165
Name the cofactor found in amylase.
167
166
Name the cofactor invovled in photosynthesis.
168
167
Name the cofactor invovled in respiration.
169
168
State the difference between cofactors and prosthetic groups.
170
169
Name the prosthetic group in haemoglobin.
171
170
Name the prosthetic group in carbonic anhydrase.
172
171
What are the three ways that an enzyme can be activated by changing the tertiary structure?
173
172
Why is it important that some enzymes are produced in its inactive form?
174
173
What is an apoenzyme?
175
174
What is a holoenzyme?
176
175
What is the fluid mosaic model?
177
176
What is a glycolipid?
178
177
What is a glycoprotein?
179
178
State four functions of membranes at the surface of cells
180
179
State 3 functions of membranes within cells
181
180
The principal design of the plasma membrane consists of two layers; what name is given to these two layers?
182
181
Explain the orientation of phospholipids within the bilayer
183
182
Describe the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the phospholipid bilayer
184
183
Give 3 examples of intrinsic proteins
185
184
Channel proteins and carrier proteins have what main role within the membrane?
186
185
Describe the position and role of cholesterol in the membrane
187
186
Describe the structure of a phospholipid
188
187
Describe the effects of temperature on membrane structure
189
188
Describe the effects of ethanol on membrane structure
190
189
Explain why alcohol is used in antiseptic wipes.
191
190
Define the term diffusion.
192
191
Define the term facilitated diffusion
193
192
What is a channel protein?
194
193
What is a carrier protein?
195
194
What types of molecules can diffuse directly across the phospholipid bilayer?
196
195
Describe the movement of water across the phospholipid bilayer
197
196
State 5 factors that affect the rate of simple diffusion
198
197
Define the term active transport
199
198
Describe how carrier proteins are used in active transport
200
199
Define bulk transport and give two examples
201
200
Define and describe phagocytosis
202
201
Define and describe pinocytosis
203
202
Define and describe exocytosis
204
203
Describe the role of ATP in bulk transport
205
204
What is the main difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
206
205
Define the term osmosis
207
206
What is water potential?
208
207
What substance has the highest possible water potential of 0 kPa?
209
208
State the equation that links water potential, solute potential and pressure potential
210
209
As more solute is added to a solution, what happens to the solute potential and hence the water potential?
211
210
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell placed in a solution with a more negative water potential than that of its cytoplasm
212
211
Describe what would happen to a liver cell placed in a solution with a more positive WP than its own cytoplasm
213
212
Describe what would happen to a root hair cell placed in a solution with lower WP than its own cytoplasm/vacuole
214
213
Describe what would happen to a guard cell placed in a solution of less negative WP than its own cytoplasm
215
214
State three events that occur in G1 phase of the cell cycle
216
215
What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
217
216
What happens during the G2 phase?
218
217
Describe what may happen in G0 phase of the cell cycle
219
218
State three cell cycle checkpoints and briefly describe what is being checked for at each
220
219
State three purpose of mitosis in life cycles
221
220
Describe the main events of phophase
222
221
Describe the main events of metaphase
223
222
Describe the main events of anaphase
224
223
Describe the main events of telophase
225
224
Describe how cytokinesis differs between dividing animal cells and plant cells
226
225
Why would we use the root tip for investigating mitosis?
227
226
Explain why we warm the root tips in hydrochloric acid when preparing a root tip squash
228
227
Which stain would we use to stain chromosomes in a root tip squash?
229
228
What is meiosis?
230
229
Describe how meiosis produces genetic variation in the gametes produced
231
230
Describe the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II
232
231
In which stage of meiosis is the chromosome number halved
233
232
Explain why genetic variation is important for a population of organisms
234
233
What is differentiation?
235
234
Describe and explain how erythrocytes are adapted for their function
236
235
Explain why a neutrophil contains many lysosomes
237
236
Describe and explain how sperm cells are adapted for their function
238
237
Describe how guard cells open in sunny conditions
239
238
Describe the purpose of cytoskeleton threads and motor proteins in palisade cells
240
239
Describe how a root hair cell plasma membrane is adapted for transport of mineral ions
241
240
Describe how cartilage is adapted for its function
242
241
Define the term tissue
243
242
State three types of muscle tissue, giving an example of where each is found
244
243
Give four features of meristematic cells that means they can differentiate easily
245
244
Describe the differences between multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent stem cells
246
245
State three characteristics of stem cells
247
246
State the three main factors that affect the need for an exchange system
248
247
Explain why smaller organisms have a lower demand for oxygen than larger organisms
249
248
Describe and explain three features of a good exchange surface
250
249
Describe how human alveoli are adapted to reduce diffusion distances
251
250
Describe the role of surfactant in alveoli
252
251
Describe the mechanism of inspiration
253
252
Why do alveolar walls contain elastic fibres?
254
253
Which tissue type comprises alveolar walls?
255
254
The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelial tissue and goblet cells. Describe the functions of these.
256
255
The trachea and bronchi are lined with cartilage. Describe why.
257
256
Describe how the nasal cavity is adapted for exchange
258
257
Describe the roles of smooth muscle and elastic tissue in the airways
259
258
Describe precautions that must be taken when using a spirometer
260
259
Describe what is meant by 'vital capacity' and state the factors that it depends upon
261
260
State the usual range for vital capacity
262
261
Describe what is meant by 'inspiratory reserve volume'.
263
262
Describe what is meant by 'expiratory reserve volume'.
264
263
Describe what is meant by 'residual volume' and state the standard volume
265
264
Describe what is meant by 'tidal volume' and state a typical figure
266
265
What is the difference between 'ventilation rate' and 'breathing rate'?
267
266
State the equation for ventilation rate
268
267
The normal breathing rate of a healthy 50 year old woman is 18 breaths per minute and her tidal volume is 500 cm3. During strenuous exercise, her ventilation rate increases to 45 000 cm3min-1 and she is breathing 30 times a minute. Calculate her tidal volume during this exercise and state how much higher than normal this figure is.
269
268
Most bony fish have 5 pairs of gills which are covered by a bony flap, known as the …? What is the function of this bony flap?
270
269
Describe the structure of gills in bony fish
271
270
Describe ventilation in bony fish
272
271
How is air supplied to respiring tisses in an insect?
273
272
How does air enter the tracheal system in an insect?
274
273
The ends of tracheoles in insects are filled with tracheal fluid. What is the function of this fluid?
275
274
When an insect is active, what changes occur in the insect to increase their oxygen supply?
276
275
Describe three features of an effective transport system
277
276
Describe three disadvantages of single circulatory systems, as seen in fish
278
277
Explain why fish do not need as much energy as mammals
279
278
Describe what is meant by the term open circulation
280
279
State two disadvantages of open circulatory systems
281
280
State four advantages of closed circulation over open circulation
282
281
What is the inner tissue lining of a blood vessel called? What is its role?
283
282
Describe the three structural layers of an artery
284
283
What is the role of arterioles?
285
284
Describe how capillaries are adapted for exchange
286
285
Describe the function of a venule
287
286
Describe how veins are adapted to carry blood back to the heart
288
287
Where is hydrostatic pressure created of the blood created?
289
288
What is oncotic pressure?
290
289
What substances might affect the oncotic pressure of the blood?
291
290
State the cell types that are most likely to be found in blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph
292
291
Why can proteins known as plasma proteins not leave the blood plasma?
293
292
Why can neutrophils enter the tissue fluid but erythrocytes cannot?
294
293
Describe the role of the lymph fluid
295
294
How does tissue fluid facilitate exchange of substances to body cells?
296
295
Describe the simple structure of haemoglobin
297
296
What is the process known as by which oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen to respiring cells?
298
297
What is the main difference between foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin?
299
298
Describe three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported
300
299
Describe the formation of hydrogencarbonate ions
301
300
Describe how the charge inside a RBC is maintained when hydreogencarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma
302
301
Describe how the pH inside a RBC is buffered as hydrogen ions build up inside, making the RBC very acidic
303
302
What is the net result of the Bohr effect?
304
303
With reference to protein structure, explain how increasing hydrogen ion levels affects haemoglobin.
305
304
What is the purpose of semilunar valves?
306
305
Why is the left ventricular wall so much thicker than the right ventricular walls?
307
306
Why are there so many mitochondria in cardiac muscle?
308
307
What is the purpose of intercalated discs between adjacent muscle cells?
309
308
Briefly outline the events of atrial systole
310
309
Briefly outline the events of ventricular systole
311
310
Briefly outline the events of diastole
312
311
What is meant by the term myogenic?
313
312
What tissue is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?
314
313
What tissue propagates the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole?
315
314
Why is there a delay before the AVN depolarises the ventricular walls?
316
315
Describe the role of the Purkyne tissue
317
316
What do the letters PQRST indicate in an ECG?
318
317
What terms describe a slow and a fast heart rate?
319
318
What happens in atrial fibrillation?
320
319
What is an ectopic heart beat?
321
320
Plant transport systems consist of 2 major specialised vascular tissues. Name these, state their transport material and the direction of transport
322
321
What tissue is found in between the xylem and phloem? What is its function?
323
322
What is the purpose of parenchyma cells in xylem tissue?
324
323
What is the purpose of lignin in xylem vessels?
325
324
How do bordered pits form and what is their purpose?
326
325
Describe three adaptations of xylem vessels that relate structure to function
327
326
What two components of phloem tissue are concerned with transport?
328
327
Why do sieve tube elements contain no nucleus and very little cytoplasm?
329
328
How are companion cells adapted for active loading?
330
329
Describe 2 major pathways taken by water to move between cells
331
330
What allows water to move through cells via the symplast pathway, and by which mechanism of movement?
332
331
What allows water to move continuously via the apoplast pathway?
333
332
Why does the presence of starch in the endodermis suggest that an active process is involved?
334
333
What is the Casparian strip?
335
334
Explain the significance of the Casparian strip
336
335
Describe how water is lost via stomata (refer to gradients)
337
336
Describe the effects of light intensity, humidity and wind speed on the rate of transpiration
338
337
State two precautions that should be taken to ensure no air bubbles are in the potometer setup
339
338
The distance moved by the meniscus in a potometer is 45mm in 5 minutes. The radius of the capillary tube is 0.5 mm. Calculate the rate of transpiration.
340
339
Describe how water moves up the stem via the transpiration pull
341
340
What property of water causes cohesion?
342
341
Define the term translocation
343
342
State two sinks (for translocation) in a plant
344
343
What is the difference between active loading and active transport?
345
344
Describe the role of hydrogen ions in active loading
346
345
Why is sucrose transported in phloem and not glucose?
347
346
How does sucrose move from the companion cells into the sieve tube elements?
348
347
Based on what principle does mass flow work in sieve tubes?
349
348
Based on what principles does phloem unloading work?
350
349
Describe 3 adaptations of marram grass (xerophyte) and explain their importance
351
350
Cacti are succulents. What does this mean?
352
351
Why is it advantageous for some xerophytes to have a low water potential inside their leaf cells?
353
352
Describe two adaptations of roots that could help a plant survive in arid conditions
354
353
What is classification?
355
354
Why do scientists classify organisms?
356
355
What is taxonomy?
357
356
What are the eight taxonomic groups in order of largest to smallest?
358
357
What is the binomial naming system?
359
358
Why is the binomial naming system important?
360
359
What are the 5 kingdoms in classification?
361
360
What are the general features of prokaryotae?
362
361
What are the general features of protoctista?
363
362
What are the general features of fungi?
364
363
What are the general features of plantae?
365
364
What are the general features of animalia
366
365
What are the 3 domains of classification?
367
366
Why are 3 domains preferred to 5 kingdoms?
368
367
What is the difference between eukarya, bacteria and archaea in terms of ribosomes?
369
368
What is the difference between eukarya, bacteria and archaea in terms of RNA polymerase?
370
369
In the new system of classification, what are the 6 kingdoms?
371
370
Which group has been divided to form eubacteria and archaebacteria?
372
371
What is the difference between the habitats of archaebacteria and eubacteria?
373
372
What is phylogeny?
374
373
What are phylogenetics?
375
374
What is a phylogenetic tree?
376
375
What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification over hierarchical / Linnean classification?
377
376
What is evolution?
378
377
What did Darwin observe to support his thory of evolution through natural selection?
379
378
What did Darwin notice about the finches of the Galapagos?
380
379
What did Darwin determine about the shape of the Galapagos finchs' beaks and their environment?
381
380
Who was Alfred Wallace?
382
381
When Darwin published "On the Origin of Species" describing the theory of evolution through natural selection, why was it originally extremely controversial?
383
382
What are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution?
384
383
What is paleontology?
385
384
What evidence for evolution is shown in the fossil record?
386
385
Why is the fossil record not complete?
387
386
What is comparative anatomy?
388
387
What is a homologous structure?
389
388
What do homologous structures provide evidence for?
390
389
What is divergent evolution?
391
390
What is comparative biochemistry?
392
391
How are molecules used in comparative biochemistry?
393
392
Which molecules can be used in comparative molecular biochemistry?
394
393
What are the two types of variation between organisms?
395
394
What is interspecific variation
396
395
What is intraspecific variation?
397
396
What are the causes of variation?
398
397
What are the causes of genetic variation?
399
398
How do alleles cause genetic variation?
400
399
How do mutations cause genetic variation?
401
400
How does meiosis cause genetic variation?
402
401
How does sexual reproduction (2 partners) cause genetic variation?
403
402
How does chance cause genetic variation?
404
403
Why is there much more variation in sexually reproductive organisms than those which reproduce asexually?
405
404
Are animals or plants more likely to be affected by the environment and cause variation? Why
406
405
Give an example of a purely environmental variation.
407
406
In most cases, what causes variation within a population?
408
407
Give an example of a charachteristic that can be affected by both genetic and environmental factors.
409
408
It is hard to separate genetic and environmental factors from causing variation. What investigations are done to allow better understanding between nature and nurture?
410
409
Into which 2 groups can data on characteristic variation be sorted?
411
410
What is another term for discontinuous variation?
412
411
What is discontinuous variation?
413
412
Give an example of discontinuous variation.
414
413
What causes discrete variation?
415
414
How is discontinuous variation displayed graphically?
416
415
What is continuous variation?
417
416
What is an example of continuous variation?
418
417
What causes continuous variation?
419
418
How is continuous variation displayed graphically?
420
419
Continuous variation typically show what distribution?
421
420
What is normal distribution?
422
421
What are the characteristics of normal distribution?
423
422
What is standard deviation?
424
423
What does the variation look like if there is a high standard deviation?
425
424
What does the variation look like if there is a low standard deviation?
426
425
In normal distribution, what are the typical values for the first 3 standard deviations?
427
426
What What do the symbols in the standard deviation formula stand for?
428
427
What is the Student's t test used for?
429
428
What is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient used for?
430
429
What are the purpose of statistical tests?
431
430
What is a null hypothesis in a Student's t test?
432
431
What is a null hypothesis in a Spearman's rank?
433
432
What are the degree of freedom in a Student's t test?
434
433
How do you determine significance in a Studen't t test?
435
434
What do the probability values in the significance tables mean?
436
435
How do you determine significance in a Spearman's rank?
437
436
What are adaptations?
438
437
What are the 3 types of adaptation?
439
438
What is an anatomical adaptation?
440
439
What is a behavioural adaptation?
441
440
What is a physiological adaptation?
442
441
Give an example of an anatomical adaptation.
443
442
How is Marram grass adapted to stop transpiration?
444
443
Give an example of a behavioural adaptation.
445
444
What are the two main types of behavioural adaptation?
446
445
What is an innate behaviour?
447
446
What is a learned behaviour
448
447
Give an example of physiological adaptations.
449
448
What is convergent evolution?
450
449
Why does convergent evolution occur?
451
450
What is natural selection?
452
451
What are the steps involved in natural selection?
453
452
What is a selection pressure?
454
453
What are examples of selection pressures?
455
454
What are modern examples of evolution?
456
455
How does anti-biotic resistant bacteria show modern evolution?
457
456
How do peppered moths show modern evolution?
458
457
How do sheep blowflies show modern evolution?
459
458
How do Flavobacterium show modern evolution?
460
459
What is biodiversity?
461
460
Why is biodiversity important?
462
461
Why do humans rely on balanced ecosystems?
463
462
How can human activities lead to a reduction in biodiversity?
464
463
What are the 3 ways of measuring biodiversity?
465
464
Why is it important to measure biodiversity?
466
465
What is habitat biodiversity?
467
466
What is species biodiversity?
468
467
What is species richness?
469
468
What is species evenness?
470
469
What is a community?
471
470
What is genetic biodiversity?
472
471
Why is genetic variation important?
473
472
What is sampling?
474
473
Why is sampling important?
475
474
What is sampling used for?
476
475
What are the 2 ways sampling can be carried out?
477
476
What is random sampling?
478
477
How is random sampling carried out?
479
478
What is non-random sampling?
480
479
What are the 3 main types of non-random sampling?
481
480
What is opportunistic sampling?
482
481
What is stratified sampling?
483
482
What is systematic sampling?
484
483
What are two techniques that could be used in systematic sampling?
485
484
What is a line transect?
486
485
What is a belt transect?
487
486
What is an interupted belt transect?
488
487
What is reliability?
489
488
What can decrease the reliability of the sampling being done?
490
489
What is sampling bias?
491
490
What is chance?
492
491
What are the techniques used in collecting live animal samples?
493
492
How is a pooter used?
494
493
How are sweep nets used?
495
494
How are pitfall traps used?
496
495
How is tree beating used?
497
496
How is kick sampling used?
498
497
How are plants generally sampled?
499
498
What is a point quadrat and how is it used?
500
499
What is a frame quadrat?
