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CS > A level > Flashcards

A level Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Procedural Programming.

A
  • Specific step-by-step code written telling computer what to do with an input.
  • Used commonly in educational environments
  • Code is easy to follow
  • Structural programming is an example and uses concepts such as recursion, iteration, sequence and selection.
  • Built-in data types (int, float, real)
  • Typically has a data structure but the use of the DB needs to be coded therefore OOP better
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2
Q

Describe Object orientated programming.

A
  • Uses class which what the data look like and how it should behave.
  • Data items called objects
  • Abstracts details of implementation away from programmer
  • Makes code reusable
  • Uses inheritance and polymorphism
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3
Q

Describe Declarative programming.

A

A statement describing the problem is written and the language implementation describes the best way to solve it.

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4
Q

Describe functional programming.

A

Functions are used to solve a problem.

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5
Q

What is a class?

A

A class is a template for a set of objects which have a state and behaviour.

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6
Q

What is an object?

A

An instance of a class.

  • A real world entity
  • Holds attributes and methods
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7
Q

What is an attribute?

A

An attribute describes an individual data item within an entity.

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8
Q

What is a method?

A

A method is a procedure associated with the object.

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9
Q

What is inheritance?

A

The ability for a class to be able to inherit properties and methods of another class.

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10
Q

What is encapsulation?

A

Attributes of an object can only be accessed using class methods.

This ensures that when a class is coded and tested it will not be a cause for future problems.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of OOP?

A
  • Requires extensive planning ensuring better design and fewer weaknesses.
  • Encapsulation allows independent testing of source code of object.
  • Methods of object do not need to be understood to be used. (Polymorphism)
  • New objects can be easily created
  • Reusability
  • Libraries of code available
  • Easier to maintain.
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12
Q

What is Immediate Addressing?

A

The actual value to be loaded into accumulator (operated on).

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13
Q

What is Direct Addressing?

A

The memory address of the value to be operated on is held.

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14
Q

What is Indirect Addressing?

A

The address of the address of the data is held.

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15
Q

What is Index Addressing?

A

The value of index register and register indexed added together to give location of value.

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16
Q

What happens during Lexical analysis?

A
  • White space and comments removed

- Tokens of reserved words, constants, operators and variables.

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17
Q

What happens during syntax analysis?

A
  • Tokens are put together to check that valid sentence is formed
  • Dictionary of variables generated containing location of variables
  • Identifiers checked against a set of rules
  • Semantic analysis (logical errors)
  • Produces abstract binary syntax tree
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18
Q

What happens during Code generation?

A
  • High level instruction converted into machine code
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19
Q

What happens during Code optimisation?

A

Machine code generated is optimised to make more efficient.

20
Q

What does a linker do?

A

It is a computer program that links together more then one object code into a single executable file.

21
Q

What does a loader do?

A

Loads machine code into correct location in main memory.

22
Q

What are library programs?

A
  • Pre-written standardised programs available for immediate use.
  • Maths functions
23
Q

What is an assembler and what are the advantages and disadvantages of them?

A

Translates low level language into machine code.

Advantage
- Has one-to-one relationship with machine code

Disadvantage
- Complicated to write.

24
Q

What is an Compiler and what are the advantages and disadvantages of them?

A

Converts source code into object code which can be converted to match target computer.

Advantage:
- Executable file produced without need for source code making it more secure as source code not revealed.

Disadvantage:
- Errors need to be corrected before compiling and can take up a lot of time.

25
Q

What is an Interpreter and what are the advantages and disadvantages of them?

A
  • Source code executed directly line-by-line.

Advantage:
- Changes made do not cause time-consuming compilation process.

Disadvantage:
- Need to be loaded onto target computer to create machine code

  • Takes longer then compiled program.
26
Q

What is a GPU?

A

GPU is a co-processer with many cores that carries out parallel processing and processes graphics.

27
Q

What is a black box test?

A

Carries out independently of the code used in program

Range of test values that cover all possible inputs and outputs to test functionality.

28
Q

What is a white box test?

A

Dependent on code logic

Structural testing

Tests all possible logical paths

Can not detect missing functions.

29
Q

What is Alpha testing?

A

Testing carried out by developers to reveal errors in code

30
Q

What is Beta testing?

A

Small group test product and give feedback of errors to be modified for future release.

31
Q

Explain the Waterfall lifecycle model.

A

ADIEM

User input at analysis very little until end.

One stage has to be finished in order to go onto next.

Sequential

+ small projects that need careful supervision
+ Progress easily measurable
+ Documentation at every stage

  • Lack of customer involvement
  • Excessive documentation
  • System performance can not be tested until completion
32
Q

Explain the Spiral model.

A

ADIE iterative

Each loop generates prototype

33
Q

Explain the Agile model.

A

ADIE iterative

Not linear

Keeping model simple

Rapid feedback from user

Understanding user requirements may change

Incremental changes

34
Q

Advantage of agile and spiral?

A

Acknowledge that the user doesn’t always know what is possible and constant prototypes produced.

35
Q

Explain Extreme Programming model.

A

Rapid development cycles producing constant releases of software that constantly changes in response to user feedback.

36
Q

Explain the Rapid Development model.

A

1) Workshop or focus group to gain user requirements
2) Prototype created with user feedback
3) Time limit for each part of system
4) Reusing of components

37
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of XP and RD?

A

+ Good for large projects

  • Runs risk of being sidetracked and never finishing
38
Q

What is the requirements to reach 1NF?

A
  • No repeated columns of data
  • Identify columns which can be used to create a primary key
  • Identify columns that can be used to create a relation table
39
Q

What is the requirements to reach 2NF?

A
  • Achieve 1NF
  • No partial dependency
  • No data set that occurs in multiple rows
  • Move the datasets into new table and link them to existing ones
40
Q

What is the requirements to reach 3NF?

A
  • No non-key dependencies

- Remove columns of data not entirely dependent on primary key to new table

41
Q

Advantage of normalisation?

A
  • No data redundancy
  • Data integrity
  • Better sorting and searching of data
42
Q

Explain ACID.

A

ATOMICITY - All or nothing approach either transaction is completed or not

Consistency - Database must move from one valid state to another

Isolation - Transactions must not affect each other

Durability - Once a transaction is completed the new database must be stored permanently.

43
Q

What does a Domain Name Server do?

A

Translates domain names into their unique IP addresses.

44
Q

What is packet filtering?

A

Firewall filters packets by checking source.

45
Q

What is a proxy server?

A

Packets are sent to a proxy server before being sent to a private network to stop direct contact between website and user.

CS (7 decks)

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