A Hundred Questions for trainee guides Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Name five things that you know about the Celtic tribe who lived in the hills around Bath
A
The Dobonni lived around Bath during the mid to late Iron age (c.600BC to 43AD). Known for their hill forts, such as Little Solsbury hill. The Dobonni were agriculturalists, primarily engaged in farming and animal husbandry, but also traded in pottery and metalwork. They were polytheists.
2
Q
When did the Romans occupy Britain?
A
The Roman occupation of Britain began in AD 43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius. The Romans probably arrived in Bath in the first 2 decades of the occupation. In AD 60-70 Romans developed significant settlements in and around Bath.
3
Q
When did the Romans leave and why?
A
AD 401-10 troops being withdrawn, in AD410 Emperor Honorius writes “Rescript of Honorius” to say they are on their own. Reasons: (1) Military pressure across Europe from Visigoths, Vandals, and Huns. (2) Internal Strife, (3) Economic Decline, (4) local pressure from Picts, Scots, & Saxons. (5) Strategic Realignment to focus on Italy, Gaul, and Iberian Peninsula.
4
Q
What did the Romans call Bath and what does it mean??
A
The Romans constructed a complex of baths and a temple dedicated to Sulis Minerva, a syncretic deity combining the local Celtic goddess Sulis with the Roman goddess Minerva. Bath itself was called Aquae Sulis, meaning ‘water of Sulis’.
5
Q
Why was Bath a good centre for the Romans
A
- Natural hot springs - Therapeutic and religious significance. 2. Strategic Location - Fosse Road 3. Potential for agriculture, even growing grapes.
6
Q
How did the Romans develop the springs
A
- The Great Bath: A large rectangular pool lined with lead and surrounded by a columned portico, fed directly by the hot springs. 2. Ancillary rooms, caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (warm room), and frigidarium (cold bath) heated by underfloor heating system fuelled by wood-burning furnaces. 3. Temple to Sulis Minerva:
7
Q
Why did the Romans link Sul with Minerva and what were they trying to do by this linking?
A
The Romans constructed a complex of baths and a temple dedicated to Sulis Minerva, a syncretic deity combining the local Celtic goddess Sulis with the Roman goddess Minerva. Respecting Local deities was intended to aid acceptance of the occupation, but by adding the Roman god this aimed to legitimise Roman rule.
8
Q
Under which parts of Bath are at least two Roman temples?
A
Temple of Sulis Minerva and Sacred Spring Temple both in the area of the Roman Baths Complex and the present Abbey.
9
Q
What happened to Bath after the Romans left?
A
Britain in general went into economic and population decline. Bath was no different, the baths and temples fell into disrepair without regular maintenance. Despite the decline of the Roman baths, the hot springs continued to be used for their therapeutic properties throughout the medieval period.
10
Q
Who is thought to have written a description of the ruins?
A
The 12th-century historian and cleric William of Malmsbury (1096-1143) is thought to have written a description of the Roman ruins of Bath. He included detailed observations of the ruins in his historical works, particularly in his famous book “Gesta Regum Anglorum” (The Deeds of the Kings of the English).
11
Q
When were the Roman baths rediscovered and by whom?
A
The Roman Baths were rediscovered and excavated beginning in 1880. Credited to Major Charles E. Davis, the city surveyor and architect, whilst carrying out work to build a new spa and swimming pool.
12
Q
When did the Saxons come to Bath?
A
Saxons began to settle in the Bath after the withdrawal of the Roman administration from Britain in AD410. Various Germanic tribes, including the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, started to settle in different parts of Britain after the end of Roman rule. By the 7th Century Bath was an established Saxon Settlement.
13
Q
Who founded the Saxon monastery and to whom was it dedicated?
A
The Saxon monastery in Bath was founded by King Osric of the Hwicce in AD 675. It was dedicated to Saint Peter. Located on the site of the present-day Abbey.
14
Q
Why did Queen Elizabeth 2nd visit Bath in 1973?
A
Queen Elizabeth II visited Bath to mark a thousand years of monarchy since the first coronation of an English king Edgar in 973 at Bath Abbey.
15
Q
Why was Bath sacked in the rebellion of 1087?
A
Bath was sacked in the rebellion of 1087 due to the political turmoil following the death of King William I (William the Conqueror). 2 sons fought for the throne. Older son Robert Curthose got Duchy of Normandy; Younger son William got England. Contested. many Norman barons preferred Robert. in 1088, rebellion led to rebels sacking strategically important and wealthy towns like Bath. Rebellion eventually repressed and town rebuilt.
16
Q
Who founded the Norman cathedral?
A
The Norman cathedral in Bath was founded by John of Tours (also known as John of Villula), who was the Bishop of Wells and Bath. 1088 John of Tours appointed as Bishop of Wells. 1090 permission granted to move the episcopal see from wells to Bath. .1090 construction of Norman Cathedral on site of former Saxon Abbey. Romanesque style - dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.
17
Q
When is a church called a Cathedral, and Abbey and a Monastery?
A
A cathedral is a bishop’s main church, An abbey is a large monastic complex overseen by an abbot or abbess. A monastery is a community of monks or nuns living together. Bath Abbey (The Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul) was stripped of co-cathedral status with Wells, in 1539 after the dissolution of the monasteries. fell in disrepair and was given to the corporation in 1572. QE1 set up a fund for repair in 1574.
18
Q
Three bits of the old city wall are still visible today – where are they?
A
a. Upper Borough walls. (Opposite Royal Mineral Hospital) B. East gate (lower level between Empire and Market Hall going beneath Grand parade .3. Southgate street - small section incorporated within the new Southgate development at rear of Manvers Gospel Hall
19
Q
Where were the city gates in relation to present day street names
A
Northgate - intersection of Bridge Street and Northgate Street. Southgate - Southgate St. junction with Lower Borough walls/new Orchard Street. East gate. At the rear of the Guildhall, between market hall and Empire hotel. Westgate- near Theatre royal where Westgate Street connects to saw close.
20
Q
Where were the medieval churches.? Name three of them
A
- Bath Abbey. 2 St. Michael’s Church (St. Michael’s without) Broad st. Churches no longer: 1. St Mary De Stall (Stall Street near the Abbey) 2. St James Church - Southgate Graveyard remains between Lower Borough walls and St St James’ parade . 3. St Mary Northgate. 4. St Michaels (within) Westgate element retailed as part of St. John’s foundation.
21
Q
What was the Saxon name for Bath?
A
“Akemanesceaster” or “Akeman’s ceaster.” Roman name of Aquae Sulis, combined with the Old English word “ceaster,” which means “fort” or “town” and is derived from the Latin “castra,” meaning “camp” or “fortress.”
22
Q
Where in Bath was a) The Priory b) The Bishops Palace c) The Monastery Gates d) St James’ church?
A
A) The old priory in Bath, (Priory of St. Peter), was located on the site of the current Bath Abbey. - Prior Holloway surrendered Bath Priory to the crown in January 1539. B) The medieval Bishop’s Palace was situated to the south and west of the abbey, roughly where Kingston Buildings and Abbey Church House stand today. C. close to the south side of the abbey churchyard, near the current Kingstone buildings. The palace served as the residence of the bishops of Bath and Wells from the early 12th century until the 16th century
23
Q
What evidence is there that Sally Lunn’s has a connection to a) The Monastery b) The Romans
A
a) The site was originally occupied by the south range of Bath Abbey, and the lowest floor level dates to the reconstruction of the abbey after a great fire in 1137. The masonry oven in the basement dates from that time. b) Sally Lunn’s stands on Roman foundations.Excavations at the deepest level of the cellars have uncovered remains of a Roman hypocaust, mosaic tiles, painted plaster, and pottery.
24
Q
When did the dissolution of the monasteries take place and why?
A
Between 1536 and 1541,Henry VIIIdisbandedCatholicmonasteries,priories,convents, andfriariesinEngland, Wales, andIreland; seizing their wealth. It was a power and wealth grab by Henry VIII. Confiscated wealth also distributed to Henry’s allies to secure support
25
What happened to the buildings and the monks?
After 1539, Bath’s monks were pensioned off, their monastery closed, and the valuables of the church sold off. The church building fell into disrepair as stone was taken for other buildings. As a result, when large numbers of people gathered, sermons had to be held in the marketplace.
26
When did the Abbey become the parish church of Bath?
n 1573, Queen Elizabeth I licensed a seven-year nationwide collection to support the rebuilding of the Abbey. Over the following 50 years, the Abbey was transformed from a ruin to a church which the city could be proud of. Restoration began in 1606 and was completed in 1611 when the Abbey was rededicated for regular parish services and was official established in 1616.
27
Name the medieval baths
King's Bath, Queens Bath, Hot Bath and Cross Bath, Leper's bath
28
What was first made at 15 Alfred Street and what was discovered from 19 New King Street?
a) William Harbutt 1844- invented Plasticine (non-drying malleable modelling clay) in 1897 whilst living at 15 Alfred street and working as a art teacher and head master. b) William Hershel discovered Uranus whilst residing at 19 King Street in March 1781, it is now the Hershel Museum of Astronomy.
29
When did Bath receive it first charter and who granted it? Why was Elizabeth’s charter more important?
Bath's first charter in 1189 from King Richard I ( the lionheart) granted status as a free borough, allowing it to elect its own officials, hold markets, and govern its own affairs to some extent. The charter from Elizabeth I was granted in 1590. Confirmed and expanded earlier rights, established governance structures with Mayor, Aldermen and councillors, laying the foundation for municipal governance. also allowed for regulating markets and giving local officials power to administer justice locally.
30
Who was a) Sir John Harrington b) Prior Birde c) Prior Holloway d) Gascoyne e) Thomas Bellot f) Bishop Fitzjocelin
a) Sir John Harrington (1560-1612) Invented the first flush toilet, installed for QE1. b) Prior Birde (D.1525) Prior of Bath abbey 1499-1525 contributed to architectural development of the Abbey. c) Prior Holloway (late C15) Prior of Abbey before Prior Bride oversaw earlier construction of Abbey. d) Gascoyne’s tower - defensive position at Saw Close Westgate?? e) Thomas Bellot (1817-1862) Naval surgeon and antiquarian f) Bishop Fitzjocelin was Bishop of Bath from 1174 until his death in 1191 and was instrumental in the construction and development of Bath Cathedral, the precursor to Bath Abbey.
31
Name Bath’s Medieval hospital Charites
Hospital of St. John the Baptist 1180. St. Catherine's Hospital, Bimbury Lane Alms houses (now Bilbury Lane), Bellot's Lame hospital for Pilgrims ( 1608
32
Who were a) Edgar b) Osric c) Offa d) Dunstan e) Alphege f) Aldhelme
a) Edgar was the first king of all England from 959-975, crowned at the Anglo Saxon Monastery on the site of Bath Abbey in 973 becoming first king of England. B) Osric of Hwicce was an Anglo - Saxon king who gave land near to Bath to establish a convent of Holy Virgins in 676AD c) St Dunstan was a English Bishop & Monk from Glastonbury who presided over the coronation of King Edgar in 973. e) St Alphege 954-1012Ad was a Christian Martyr born near Bath, who for a time lived as a hermit on Lansdown near the current racecourse. was pestered into becoming Abbot of the monastery of bath and eventually archbishop of canterbury. St Alphege is appointed head of the monastery at Bath by Archbishop Dunstan. He was murdered by marauding Danes seeking ransom. Church of Our Lady & St.Alphege built in 1950s in Oldfield Lane in style of Early Christian Basilica. f) St. Aldhelme (639-709) born in Malmsbury, has a pilgrimage route passing though Bath on way from Doulting to Malmsbury.
33
Who won the Battle of Lansdown?
The Royalists ( Cavaliers) defeated the parliamentarians ( roundheads) in the Battle of July5th 1643 during the English Civil war. However they were so depleted that it was a pyrrhic victory.
34
When was the present Abbey started and by whom?
Bishop Oliver King started the current Abbey in 1499 to replace the decaying Norman Cathedral built by John of Tours.
35
What is the architectural style of the Abbey?
Bath Abbey is one of the largest examples of Perpendicular Gothic architecture in the West Country. The building is Grade1 listed and particularly noted for its fan vaulted ceiling. The west front includes sculptures of angels climbing to heaven on two stone ladders, representing Jacob's Ladder.
36
Whom do the statues on the west front of the Abbey represent? What do the carvings on the great west door represent?
The statues on the west front of Bath Abbey represent St. Peter and St. Paul. The door was donated during the reconstruction of Elizabeth I, around 1617, by the Bishop of Wells and Bath, Lord Chief Justice Sir Henry Montagu. The Montagu coat of arms is on the top right and bottom of the door. The stone carving on the west front (1520) are of angles ascending Jacobs ladder to heaven.
37
Why is the Bath Abbey tower rectangular? What was removed from it?
The central tower of Bath Abbey is rectangular in cross-section rather than square because it is topped by four octagonal turrets. The Bath Abbey tower originally featured a large stone lantern at its top, which was removed in the 19th century during renovations. The lantern was designed to be a prominent feature but became unstable over time. When the tower was restored in the 1860s under architect Sir George Gilbert Scott, the lantern was taken down and replaced with a simpler, more stable design. This change altered the tower's appearance, contributing to its current form.
38
When did the railway and the canal get to Bath. Who were the famous people associated with it?
The GWR came to Bath in 1840 with a direct line from London. in 1841 the line was extended to Bristol. The K&A canal was opened in 1810. and the river Avon was canalised between Bath and Bristol in 1727. Isambard Kingdom Brunel was the driver of the GWR into bath and Bristol. John Rennie and William Jessop key engineers of the K&A.
39
Who were the nineteen century architects and what did they do to the Abbey?
George Phillips Manners (1834–1863) was city architect and made modest improvements to external stonework and windows. Sir George Gilbert Scott (1864–1874) was a prominent architect of Gothics revival. His work was more transformative. Removing many 18 century modifications to create a more mediaval appearance. new seating and flooring, roof repairs and strengthening west front restoring external stonework.
40
Why did King Edgar choose Bath for his coronation?
1. Historical and Symbolic Significance: Roman and Saxon Heritage: symbolized continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon rule, reinforcing his legitimacy. 2. Religious Importance: Bath was a prominent religious center with an established monastery, linking Edgar as a ruler chosen by both God and the church.
41
How hot is the water from the Sacred spring, the Cross Spring, and the Hot Spring?
Sacred Spring: Approximately 46°C, Cross Spring: Approximately 36°C, Hot Spring: Approximately 45°C
42
Where does the water for the spa baths originate and how is it heated?
As rain that fell several thousand years ago and descended 2500m through the carboniferous limestone of the Mendip hills which heated by geothermal energy and return via the Penny quick fault.
43
What is the fault called that delivers the springs to Bath?
the Penny quick Fault.
44
What are the main minerals in the water?
Calcium, Sodium, magnesium, Bicarbonate, Sulphate, Chloride, Silica, and trace elements of iron and manganese.
45
Name five Royal visitors and the dates they visited Bath
Queen Anne 1702, King George I 1714 , King George ii 1738 &1748 with Queen Caroline, King George III, many including 1789 with Queen Charlette, Queen Victoria , 1886, Kind Edward VII, 1905, Queen Elizabeth 1973. 1738 Royal visit by Frederick, Prince of Wales with Princess Augusta, marked by erection of an obelisk in Queen Square.
46
What sort of stone is Bath stone?
Bath stone is a type of oolitic limestone, The primary mineral in Bath stone is calcium carbonate, which is formed from the remains of marine organisms over millions of years.
47
How is Bath stone extracted and treated before use?
Bath stone is quarried from underground deposits mainly at Coombe Down on the hills to the south of the city. Blocks are cut using wire saws and then transported for precise shaping and cutting.
48
When did John Wood the Elder. Ralph Allen and Richard Nash arrive in Bath. What part did each play in Bath’s development?
a) John wood (elder) was born in Weston and after working in Yorkshire and London returned to Bath in early 1720s to create his vision. Most influential town planner, architect and entrepreneur. Famous for Queen Square and the circus. B) Ralph Allen born in Launceston, Cornwall and moved to bath in 1726. He made an initial fortune from organising the cross mail system and a second fortune from commercialising the quarrying of Bath Stone at Combe Down. C.) Richard Beau Nash arrived in the city in 1702 as assistance to the MC. Nash took over the role and made its own when the incumbent died in a duel. responsible for developing the social side of the town, but also organised building of lower assembly rooms, royal min hospital etc.
49
What was ‘The Season’ and The Cure’?
The season ran from October to Early June, when the upper rooms had 2 balls a week, the 'cure' was a taking a treatment of drinking and or bathing in the spring waters of bath.
50
What part did The Season play in social development?
The season attracted the wealthy who wished to be entertained, meet people of similar social standing, and marry off their offspring. They needed places to meet in the evenings like the pump rooms and theatres. Places to promenade during the day and places to shop for the latest fashions. this in turn led to a building boom, commercial development of a variety of services and employment for a wide variety of service staff and crafts people.
51
When did John Wood the Elder start expansion outside the city wall and why?
in 1725, wood laid out QS on the farmland of Barton’s farm owned by Dr. Robert Gay. The medieval town was small and cramped with no way of coping with the scope of wood's ambition without wholesale demolition and rebuilding that wasn’t supported at that time.
52
What two main factors caused the decline of fashionable Bath?
a) The fashion moved from bathing in Spring water to Bathing in the sea and visiting seaside resorts like Brighton. B) the French revolutionary wars (1792-1802) caused uncertainty and problems with finance.
53
Name six well known Bath buildings, build in Nash’s lifetime (1674 – 1762)
1. Harrison's (lower) assembly rooms 1708, 2. Queen Square 1728-1736, 3. Prior Park (1734-41) , 4. The pump room 1706-1708, 5. The Royal Mineral Hospital 1738, 6. Ralph Allen's Town House 1727, North Parade 1741, South Parade 1742 The circus 1754
54
Name two famous Bath buildings erected in Bath after his death
1. The upper assembly rooms, 1769 The royal crescent 1767-1775
55
What is the correct architectural term for the eighteen century architecture in Bath?
Although often called 'Georgian', in popular usage, a slightly more accurate term would be 'Palladian' as much of Wood and other architect’s work was influenced by the work of Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) who in turn was echoing the symmetry and perspective of classical Greek and Roman architecture. Key element was the 'venetian window or Serlian window.
56
Name three major buildings in Bath by John Wood the Elder. Name another which is not in Bath
In Bath: Queen Square (1728-36), Prior Park (1734-41) The Circus (1754-68). Outside Bath: Liverpool Town Hall, (1749-54) The exchange, Bristol (1741-43)
57
Name three major works in Bath by John Wood the Younger
The Royal Crescent (1774) The new (upper) assembly rooms (1769)
Gay street.
58
Name five eighteenth century architects (other than John wood elder & Younger )and a building that defines each’s work.
John Palmer (1742-1818) Lansdown Crescent 1789-93, Thomas Baldwin (1750-1820) Guildhall 1775-79, Robert Adam (1728-1792) Pulteney Bridge 1774, John Everleigh (?) Somerset place 1796, Camden Crescent 1798, John Strahan (? - 1740) Beaufort Square 1730
59
What was the population of Bath thought to be in a) Medieval times b) the beginning of the eighteenth century c) the end of the eighteenth century?
The population of Bath was around: a) 1100 at the poll tax of 1379 in Medieval times b) 2,000 at the beginning of the eighteenth century c) 33,000 at the end of the eighteenth century
60
How many obelisks are there in Bath? Who built them and whom do they honour?
1. Queen Square, 1738 by Beau Nash to commemorate Frederick prince of Wales . 2. Royal Victoria Park (Victoria Column) 1837 to Queen Victoria. 3. Orange Grove Beau Nash 1734 Commemorate visit by prince of Orange
61
What was the only work designed by Robert Adam and how did it come to be built by him?
Pulteney Bridge was designed in a Palladian style by Robert Adam and completed in 1774. Adam's design echoes Palladio’s rejected design for the Rialto Bridge in Venice. Bothers Robert & James Adam were working on designs for the Bathwick new town.
62
Which architect is responsible for our present Pump Room?
Construction of the present pump room began in 1789 under the control of City Architect Thomas Baldwin. In 1793 he was fired due to a financial scandal and the construction was completed by John Palmer
63
Who was the architect for Nash’s house in Saw Close and what other building did he design?
Beau Nash’s house at 9 St. John’s place (now Amarone restaurant) was built in 1720 by Thomas Greenway. Greenway also built 5 trim Street, known as general wolf's house.
64
What is a Proprietary Chapel? Where were they all and where are the remaining ones?
A proprietary chapel is a chapel that originally belonged to a private person, but with the intention that it would be open to the public. St Mary's Queen Square (1734) , The Octagon Chapel, Milsom street (1767) ( Now the Botanist cocktail Bar), Countess of Huntingdon's Chapel (1765) St. Stephen’s Lansdown (1840), All Saints Chapel, Lansdown Place (1794), Bombed in WWII, Laura Chapel (1795) demolished but entrance still visible. Margaret Chapel (1773). Remaining Christ Church (1789)
65
Where were the six Pleasure Gardens and what were their main functions?
1.Sydney Gardens (1795) named after Thomas Townsend 1st Viscount Sydney (as in Australia & Nova Scotia), 2 Grosvenor Gardens (1792) (off London Road) Closed 1819. 3. Parade gardens (1709) originally known as Harrison’s Walks. 4 Hedgemead gardens (1887-1904) 5. Henrietta Park (1897) donated by Captain Forrester. 6. Royal Victoria Park 1830. Alexandra Park (1896)
66
Where were Harrisons, Lindsey’s, Simpsons, and Wiltshire Assembly Rooms?
Harrison's Assembly Rooms, (1708) Later known as Haye's , Hawley’s and then Simpsons and even Kingston Assembly rooms ) Also known as the lower assembly rooms was on the east side of what is now Terrace walk overlooking what was 'Harrison's walks. Destroyed by fire in 1820, rebuilt on 1824 to include BRLSI and finally demolished in 1933 for road widening. Lindsey's 1728 (later known as Lovelace's and Wiltshire’s) was adjacent to harrisons and lasted until demolition in 1820 for the building of York Street, just to the South of the Abbey (topping &Co.).
67
Where was Bath’s first theatre and which actress made her debut there?
The original Theatre built by George Trim ( Trim Street? ) was demolished in 1738 to make way for the Royal Mineral Hospital. There was also a theatre at Kingsmead St. from 1723-1751. The first Theatre Royal at 12 Old Orchard Street was designed by Thomas Jelley and opened in 1750. with a performance of Shakespeare’s Henry IV part2. The Theatre received a Royal Patent in 1768 and was the first outside London to do so. John Palmer operated the Theatre alongside The Theatre Royal in Bristol and moved his actors between both venues - also doubling up as a mail coach between the 2 cities. Sarah Siddons joined the Old theatre royal between 1778 and 1782.
68
When was the present Theatre Royal built and what is the significance of the railings surrounding the original entrance in Beaufort Square?
The present Theatre Royal was built in 1805 and it is said that the railings on the Beaufort square elevation were modelled on Pikes used at The battle of Waterloo
69
The Upper Assembly Rooms were built on the Tontine principal: what is this?
A tontine was a hybrid between an annuity and a lottery based on the longevity of the investor or their nominated person. As each of the original investors died then their dividend was added to the general pool so that eventually only one person received all of the dividends until the end of their natural life. At the demise of all investors then the tontine was wound up and no more interest or dividend was paid and the capital reverted to the scheme’s organisers.
70
Who were the architects of the following buildings: a) St Johns Court b) the Octagon c) The Paragon d) King Edwards school in Broad Street f) The Guildhall?
a) St Johns Court was remodelled by John Wood the Elder in 1716 b) the Octagon Chapel was designed by Timothy Lightholder in 1767 c) The Paragon was designed by Thomas Warr Attwood and built in 1767-1773 d) Old King Edwards school in Broad Street was designed by Thomas Jelley and built in 1752 f) The Guildhall?
71
Why was Broad Street so named originally? Explain the term ‘tenterhooks and what Fullers Earth was used for
Broad street is actually not wide, but was named after the broad weaving looms used in the textile industry in this part of town. Tenterhooks were used to prevent cloth from shrinking when wet due to dying or cleaning. Fullers earth was used for cleaning and thickening Cloth, ie Fulling. Wool and fleece were smelly and contained many sorts of impurities. So, pieces of cloth were soaked in an alkaline solution and then agitated it in a trough containing a slurry of Fuller’s Earth. Several rinses with clean water were given later to remove the earth, which carried away with it most of the grease, dirt, smell, and faecal matter remaining in the raw wool.
72
Who were the following and what was their connection to Bath? A) Admiral Arthur Philip b) Horace Walpole c) William and Caroline Herschel d) Dr William Oliver
A) Admiral Arthur Phillip was the first Governor of New South Wales and the founder of Australia's modern nation. He lived in Bath, Somerset, England for several years and is buried in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton. Bath has a memorial to Phillip, including a plaque in Bath Abbey and an armillary sphere sculpture in Sydney Gardens. b) Horace Walpole was a writer who stayed in bath for 3 months in 1766 at Chapel court, St John's hospital. c) William and Caroline Herschel (his Sister) arrived in Bath in 1766 as composer/ musician and Soprano respectively but their joint interest in astronomy and optical instrument making led them to discover Uranus in 1781 at 19 king Street. d) Dr William Oliver (1695-1764) was born in Cornwall and arrived in Bath around 1725, he was a friend of Fellow Cornishman Ralph Allen nd became the leading doctor in the city. He was a prime instigator of the Royal Mineral Hospital and invented both the Bath Bun and the Bath Oliver Biscuit.
73
Who or what was a Link Boy?
Link Boys carried a flaming torch to light the way for pedestrians at night. They often led the way of Sedan chairs. The link was a term for the cotton that formed the link torch. Many of the older houses in bath still have link extinguishers or snuffers on the outside.
74
How did Sedan chairs get their names?
Sedan chairs were named after the town of Sedan in France where they were first used. They consisted of a seat inside a cubicle that sported a detachable roof, which was attached to two poles carried by men known as 'chairmen
75
Describe the difference between bath and sedan chairs
James Heath of Bath invented the bath chair around 1750, for disabled people. It could be pulled by a horse, pony or donkey or later models could be pushed by another person. The sedan chair originated in Sedan, France a method of transport for able but wealthy people to be carried around town over short distances by 2 'chairmen' when it would be impractical to be transported by horse or horse and carriage.
76
What regulations did Nash impose on sedan Chairmen and why?
Sedan chairmen had a reputation for being unruly and involved in various scams on their passengers. Nash regulated their use in bath, giving the sedan chairmen a license system so that the public could have more confidence in using the service.
77
What forms did gambling take in eighteen century Bath and what steps did the government take to contain it?
Gambling was mainly at card tables. Parliament passed an act in 1739 to outlaw games of chance like, Faro, Hazard, Ace of Hearts. New games were devised which in turn were outlawed in 1740. this led to E&O, ( Even and Odd) a simple form of roulette that was highly profitable for the bank ( house) Nash claimed that he had been swindled of £20,000 by his partners in the house and in doing so revealed that he was receiving a cut of the house profits. he wasn’t able to reclaim the money but he lost his reputation.
78
Where were the eighteenth-century jails?
Before 1772, the few prisoners of bath were held in the tower of st. Mary's Church. However, the growing population meant that a purpose built prison was built on 16 grove St. Initially standing on it's own across the river in the new Bathwick estate. Designed by Thomas warr Attwood. This was soon overcrowded and prisoners were sent to nearby prisons until a new prison was built 1in 1842-78 in Twerton.
79
Name three regularly used saying which originated or were associated with the Bath Season
A duel was referred to as "an affair of honour", A Nabob was an Englishman who had earned his fortune in India. Ton was the name for fashionable society, from the French 'bon ton' meaning good manners or breeding. Vowels meant I.O.U's which while not legally enforceable actually carried weight as a debt of honour amongst gentlemen.
80
What contemporary accounts do we have of the bathing routine in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
Dr. William Falconer (1744-1824) moved to Bath in 1770 and wrote several essays on the Bath waters and warm bathing in general.
81
What powers did Nash have as Master of Ceremonies? How was he paid? What impact did he have on social behaviour?
Although the Master of ceremonies role was unofficial Nash had a huge influence. He regulated gambling, managed musicians at the balls. Matched partners at dances and brokered marriages. Nash received a share of money on the gambling tables as well as other gratuities for introductions and subscriptions to the balls throughout the season. Nash attempted to raise social standards of dress and manners in the city whilst also attempting to increase the circle of people who could participate in the season .
82
How was slavery associated with Bath?
Slaves were used by the Romans within the bathing complex. Either privately owned or for the duration of the visit. Slaves also made up around 10% of the population of Anglo Saxon Britain. Profits from transatlantic slave plantations also added to the wealth of both visitors and builders in Bath during the Georgian period. Bath was also a focal point of the anti-slave trade movement with William Wilberforce and other prominent anti slavers holding meetings in the city.
83
Who were the Anti-saccharites? What did they wear to identify themselves and who made what they wore?
Anti-saccherites were one of the earliest examples of moral campaigners hoping to use a consumer boycott of sugar to aid the abolition of slavery in the west indies. They were heavily influenced by William Fox's pamphlet of 1791 "An Address to the People of Great Britain on the Propriety of Refraining from the Use of West India Sugar and Rum". Josiah Wedgewood produced a medallion to be worn with the Inscription "Am I not a man and a brother?" that was often worn by campaigners.
84
What was Nash’s Rule book? Can you describe two of the rules in it?
Nash's rule book aimed to codify good behaviour and decorum when visiting the assembly rooms. A list of 12 'laws of Bath’ Included. 9)Ladies dressing and behaving like handmaids must not be surprised if they are treated like handmaids. (white aprons) 10. That the Elder Ladies and Children be content with a second bench at the Ball, as being past, or not come to perfection.
85
Which Jane Austen novels are set in Bath? Where is her plaque?
The 2 Jane Austen (Dec. 1775-July 1817) Novels partly set in Bath are Persuasion and Northanger Abbey, both published 6 months after her death in December 1817. There are several Plaques to Jane Austen in Bath. a) 4 Sydney Place "Here lived Jane Austen 1801 - 1805" She also stayed at The Paragon (1797) 13 Queen Square (1799) Green Park Buildings (1804-05) 25 Gay Street (1805-06) 7 Trim Street (1806)
86
Name two playwrights associated with eighteenth century Bath
a) Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) Lived in Bath for two years (1770-71) during which he eloped, fought a duel and wrote 'The Rivals', which is set in Bath and is credited with coining the term "malapropism". There is a plaque in his honour at 9 New King Street. b) Novelist and playwright, Henry Fielding (1707-1754) author of "The history of Tom Jones, a foundling" (1749) but also the 'Female Husband' (1746) Financial help from Ralph Allen. Plaque to him and his sister Sarah (1710-1768 ) also a novelist who is credited with writing the first children's story 'The Governess' or 'the little Female Academy' (1749) at Widcome Lodge, Church Street Widcombe, unveiled by Sir Conan Doyle in 1906.
87
Name two other novelists associated with Bath
a) Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly, (1797-1851) author of "Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus" (published anonymously in 1818) Inspiration from a ghost story telling at lake Geneva but written in Bath. Plaque at side of Pump room where she stayed above a print shop now demolished. Where an electricity substation was then sited. b) Charles Dickens (1812–1870) – novelist and frequent visitor to Bath, who set satirised the city in "Pickwick Papers. Mr Pickwick was almost certainly based on Moses Pickwick, landlord of the White Hart inn. Stayed at the Saracen's head pub. Character of Sam Weller - name of a pub nearby. Bronze plaque at 35 St. James Square, home of his friend Walter Savage Landor, but no evidence he actually stayed there.
88
Who was William Smith? Where was his shop and what did he do?
William Smith (1769-1839) was a surveyor and credited as the 'father of Geology'. He came to Bath initially to survey the somerset coal Canal and was involved in the failed scheme to use Caisson style lock on the canal. his mixed fortunes in Bath continued with the Bath Easton Coal Trial (1804-1813)The two shafts sunk at Bath Easton not only failed to find coal but also may have been responsible for diverting hot water from the nearby Bath Hot Springs (on which the Bath tourist trade depended). He also had a display of Fossils in Bath between 1802-1805 at his office at the intersection of Trim Street and Bridge Street. His plaque is on 29 Great Pulteney street, but he lived at tucking mill on the outskirts of town. His map of Five Miles round the City of Bath in 1799 was one of the world’s first geologic maps.
89
Who wrote the following: a) An essay towards a description of Bath b) The new Bath Guide c) Humphry Clinker d) The inscription on the Queens Square obelisk?
a) "An essay towards a description of the city of Bath in two parts" was written by John Wood the elder in 1742 b) The new Bath Guide was written by Christopher Anstey (1724-1805) in 1766 c) ‘The Expedition of Humphry Clinker’ was the last book written by Scottish doctor-turned-writer, Tobias Smollett (1721-1771) in 1771 d) Alexander Pope (1688-1744) wrote the minimalist dedication to Frederick, Prince of Wales on the Queens Square obelisk (1738) after being pestered to do so by Beau Nash (1674-1762)
90
90) Which families are connected with the following streets: a) Pierrepont St b) Laura Place c) Henrieta Street d) Manvers St e) Milsom St, f) Trim St
a) Pierrepont St. - Thomas Linley (1733 – 1795) was a musical director and bass singer who was joined by his children on stage. b) Laura Place was built between 1788 and 1794 and was named after Henrietta Laura Pulteney, daughter of Sir William Johnstone Pulteney and Frances Johnstone Pulteney c) Henrieta Street was also named after Henrietta Laura Pulteney, Countess of Bath d) Manvers St. was named after the owner of the land Lord Newark (becoming Earl manvers in 1806) e) Milsom St. was laid out in 1761 by Thomas Lightholder, famous families with shops there include Jolly's department store and Josiah Wedgewood. f) Trim St was built in 1707 and named after George Trim a wealthy clothier and councilman who owned the land, he also built bath's first theatre in 1705 but it was small and unprofitable and was demolished in 1738 to make way for the Royal mineral hospital. No.5 Trim Street is also Known as General Wolfes house.
91
What were the Baedeker Raids and how did they come about? Where can their damage be seen?
It is thought the Luftwaffe raids on Exeter, Bath, Norwich, York and Canterbury were in response to the FAF bombing of Lubeck, which was considered culturally significant, but not of military importance. Named after the Baedeker tourist guidebooks, the raids took place in 3 attacks over the weekend of 25-27th April 1942. 417 people were killed and another 1000 injured. Houses in the Royal Crescent, Circus, paragon, Assembly rooms and Queen's Square were burnt out. The damage can still be seen today - notably in the walls of the old labour exchange at 1-3 James Street, now student accommodation and Nisbets.
92
Name five places in Bath used for the filming of Bridgeton
1. No.1 The Royal Crescent used as the Featherington’s London Home. 2. The Abbey Deli in Abbey Green is The Modiste dress Shop. 3. 12 Trim Street is Gunter's Tea Shop. 4. Beaufort Square is scene of a several location shots of carriages and characters strolling. 5. The Holborn Museum is Lady Danbury's House.
93
How is Frankenstein associated with Bath?
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly completed the novel whilst staying in Bath at 5 Abbey Churchyard, during the autumn and winter of 1816-17. The house was demolished in 1890s to make way for the pump room extension.
94
Name the six reasons that Bath is a World Heritage Site. What years was Bath given its original World Heritage Award and its subsequent World heritage Award?
The 6 reasons for World Heritage site recognition are: Roman Archaeology, Hot Springs,18th Century Architecture,18th Century Town Planning, Green Setting of the City, Social Setting. The first award in 1987 was for Hot Springs, Roman archaeology, Georgian buildings, and natural landscape setting. In 2021 a second award was given as one of the Great Spa Towns of Europe
95
Apart from architecture, name two other things that John Wood the Elder felt passionately about
Wood was passionate about restoring the city of bath to what he imagined was it's former glory as the most significant pre- roman city in England. He was also a passionate believer in the legend of Bladud and the history of the Druids.
96
Where were Bath’s three Guildhalls build?
The first, medieval Guildhall stood in the courtyard behind today's Guildhall. The second, dating from the late 1620s, occupied the upper storey of the Tudor Market House in the middle of High Street. This 'Stuart Guildhall', enlarged in the 1720s, stood until 1776. By that time Baldwin's present building, the third Guildhall of 1775 was complete, and the old structure was demolished
97
What was the Window Tax and how did it affect Bath?
The window tax was a property tax based on the number of windows. Introduced in1696 under King William III it replaced the even more controversial Hearth tax. Initially there were 2 elements a flat rate of 2 schillings per house and a variable tax based on the number of windows. it was repealed in 1851, but in the meantime to avoid the tax windows had been bricked up or moved closer together to count as one rather than 2 separate windows. e.g., Beaufort street.
98
Where were dual fought in the seventeen hundreds and why? Who was famously killed in a dual and who did it benefit?
The Duelling ground was in a depression just of the gravel walk. Captain Webster was MC of Bath when Beau Nash arrived as his assistant. Shortly afterwards the Captain Webster was killed in a sword-fighting duel and Nash, still in his early thirties, found himself elected by the Corporation of Bath as the new Master of Ceremonies. Nash began his term by abolishing the wearing of swords and the abandonment of duelling came about.
99
What are Metopes and Triglyphs?
In classical Greek and Roman architecture, metopes and triglyphs are architectural elements that alternate in the Doric frieze. Triglyphs are vertically channelled tablets that project from the frieze. The triglyph is thought to represent the ends of wooden beams in primitive huts. Metopes are recessed square panels that alternate with the triglyphs. Metopes can be plain or carved with reliefs. The word "metope" comes from the Greek words meta, meaning "between", and ope, meaning "an opening".
100
What year did the Mayor’s Guides begin?
The Mayor of Bath's Corps of Honorary Guides began in 1934 when Alderman Sturge-Cotterell led the first tours on Boxing Day and Easter morning. 1951: Daily tours were offered during the Festival of Britain. in 1960: New guides received formal training in the 1970s: Walks increased to twice daily.
