A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS

Question 1

4 Key
Attributes of
Politics Today

Answer 1

States are independent and govern themselves
States interact with each
other through diplomacy
There are international
organizations (UN) that
facilitates these
interactions
International
organizations also take
on lives of their own

Question 2

is a political entity with a
defined territory, a permanent
population, a government, and the
capacity to enter into relations with
other states.

Answer 2

State

Question 3

typically have sovereignty,
meaning they have the ultimate
authority within their territory and
are not subject to external control

Answer 3

States

Question 4

Examples of states include
countries like

Answer 4

the United States,
China, Brazil, and France.

Question 5

• A nation refers to a group of people who share a common identity, including a sense of belonging, culture, language, history, and often ethnicity or religion.

Answer 5

Nation

Question 6

True or False:
Nations, do not necessarily have to have their own state; they can exist within larger states or across multiple states.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

*Not all states are necessarily nations, and not all nations have their own state.

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

*Examples of nations without states
include the

Answer 8

Kurds, the Basques, and the
Palestinians

Question 9

is a political entity where
the state and the nation largely
coincide.

Answer 9

nation-state

Question 10

True or False: A state primarily consists of one nation or a closely related group of people who share a common culture, language, history, and often ethnicity or religion.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False: Examples of nation-states include Japan, where the overwhelming majority of the population is ethnically Japanese and shares a common culture and language, and Iceland, where the population is primarily ethnically Icelandic and shares a common language and cultural heritage.

Answer 11

Answer: True

Question 12

True or False: In reality, many states are not perfectly homogeneous and may contain diverse populations with multiple ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

○ Agreements signed in 1648 to end Thirty Years’ War between the major continental powers of Europe

Answer 13

Treaty of Westphalia

Question 14

○ Catholics v Protestants

Answer 14

Treaty of Westphalia

Question 15

What was the name of the treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War and established the principle of state sovereignty, where each signatory agreed to exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and refrain from interfering in each other’s affairs?

Answer 15

Treaty of Westphalia

Question 16

Who challenged the stability provided by the Westphalian System in Europe by spreading the principles of the French Revolution, including liberty, equality, and fraternity, and challenging the powers of kings, nobility, and religion?

Answer 16

Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 17

Question: During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), what legal code did the French implement in the territories they conquered, which forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service, shocking the monarchies and hereditary elites of Europe?

Answer 17

The Napoleonic Code.

Question 18

In which decisive battle did the Anglo and Prussian armies defeat Napoleon in 1815, thus ending his mission to spread his liberal code?

Answer 18

The Battle of Waterloo

Question 19

What initiative was undertaken to restore the Westphalian system following the Napoleonic Wars, involving an alliance of “great powers” including the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia?

Answer 19

The Concert of Europe.

Question 20

Which countries, comprising the Concert of Europe, sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges, while also aiming to restore the sovereignty of states?

Answer 20

The United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

Question 21

Question: What system, named after the Austrian diplomat Klemens von Metternich, served as the main architect and lasted from 1815 to 1914, at the dawn of World War I, with the power and authority of the Concert of Europe?

Answer 21

The Metternich system.

Question 22

Question: What term describes the heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people, often categorized into Liberal Internationalism and Social Internationalism?

Answer 22

Internationalism

Question 23

Who was the first major thinker of liberal internationalism in the 18th century, proposing that if people living together require a government to prevent lawlessness, the same principle should be applied to states, and imagining a form of global government?

Answer 23

Immanuel Kant

Question 24

Question: Who coined the word “international” in 1780 and advocated for the creation of “international law” to govern inter-state relations, proposing that global legislators should aim to create legislation for “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together”?

Answer 24

Jeremy Bentham.

Question 25

Who was the first to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism, advocating for the unification of various Italian-speaking mini states and proposing a system of free nations cooperating to create an international system, while also being a major critic of the Metternich System and advocating for Republican government without kings, queens, and hereditary succession?

Answer 25

Giuseppe Mazzini.

Question 26

According to Giuseppe Mazzini, what would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system, where free and unified nation-states should be the foundation of global cooperation?

Answer 26

Answer: Free, independent states.

Question 27

Who, influenced by Mazzini, became one of the most prominent internationalists of the 20th century, viewing nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism and advocating for the principle of self-determination, whereby the world’s nations had the right to a free and sovereign government?

Answer 27

Woodrow Wilson

Question 28

world’s nations had a right to a free and sovereign government

Answer 28

Principle of self-determination

Question 29

as the venue for reconciliation and arbitration to prevent another war

Answer 29

The League

Question 30

Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919

Answer 30

Woodrow Wilson

Question 31

Despite its failure, the League of Nations gave birth to some of the task-specific international organizations, including which of the following?

World Health Organization (WHO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)

Answer 31

Answer: Both statements are true.

Question 31

When was the League of Nations founded, with the aim of preventing wars through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration, but the United States was unable to join due to strong opposition from the Senate, and it ultimately failed to prevent another war from breaking out?

Answer 31

Founded in 1920.

Question 32

The League of Nations represented a concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism, influenced by thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, who emphasized the need for common international principles; Giuseppe Mazzini, who advocated for cooperation and respect among nation-states; and Woodrow Wilson, who championed democracy and self-determination.

Answer 32

Answer: True

Question 33

Capitalist class—owners of factories, companies and other means of production

Answer 33

Capitalists Class

Question 34

those who did not
own the means of production but
worked for the capitalist

Answer 34

Proletariat class

Question 35

Did Karl Marx, along with co-author Friedrich Engels, believe in a socialist revolution aimed at overthrowing the state and altering the economy?

Answer 35

Answer: True

Question 36

Did Karl Marx oppose nationalism because he believed it prevented the unification of the world’s workers, famously proclaiming “Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains,” and emphasizing that the proletariat “had no nation” before his death in 1883?

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Was the Socialist International (SI) a union of European socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889, which achieved milestones such as declaring May 1 as Labor Day and creating International Women’s Day?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Collapsed during the World War I

Answer 38

The Socialist International (SI)

Question 39

led to the emergence of a more radical version, and the Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in the overthrow of Czar Nicholas and the establishment of a revolutionary government, followed by the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin.

Answer 39

The collapse of the Socialist International (SI)

Question 40

He established the Communist
International (Comintern) in 1919

Answer 40

Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin

Question 41

The Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the working class through elections; instead, they exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard” parties to lead revolutions across the world, using methods of terror if necessary. Today, parties like this are referred to as

Answer 41

Communist Parties.

Question 42

Central body for directing Communist
parties all over the world

Answer 42

Communist International (Comintern)

Question 43

was re-established by Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin. It took over countries in Eastern Europe when the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain divided the war. Cominform helped direct various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe.

Answer 43

The Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)

Question 44

1991 marked the disappearance of thoughts about communist internationalism.

Question 45

Initiatives such as allowing elections with a multi-party system and creating a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse.

Answer 45

The collapse of the Soviet Union

Question 46

True or False: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the disappearance of thoughts about communist internationalism. Initiatives such as allowing elections with a multi-party system and creating a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Postwar period
Liberal internationalism
UN as the center of global
governanc

Answer 47

United
Nations