A: Hazards - Tectonic/weather

Question 1

Define tectonic hazard

Answer 1

Hazards that involve movement of tectonic movement of tectonic plates in the earths crust.

Question 2

How does deforestation affect a tectonic hazard?

How does urbanisation affect a tectonic hazard?

How does location affect a tectonic hazard?

Answer 2

Deforestation - makes hillsides more unstable, so landslides are more likely in earthquakes or from heavy rain.

Urbanisation - more people live in cities meaning more people are at risk of death or serious injuries. And are more affected by natural disasters in the area.

Location - most large cities are on the coast, so people are more exposed to floods/tsunamis and hurricanes.

Question 3

How does population growth affect a tectonic hazard?

How does global warming affect a tectonic hazard?

Answer 3

Population growth - the number of people on the planet is growing, so more people are exposed to natural hazards; meaning more death and damage are likely.

Global warming - increases the number of natural disasters such as droughts.

Question 4

Which type of crust subduct at a destructive plate boundary? And why does it subduct?

Answer 4

Oceanic crust

Because it’s heavier and denser

Question 5

(Destructive plate boundary) What force causes earthquakes?

Answer 5

Heats up and melts.

Question 6

(Destructive plate boundaries)

What type of volcanic eruptions occur?

Answer 6

Composite

Question 7

What are the types of volcanoes?

Answer 7

Shield volcano

Cone shaped

Question 8

What are the different tectonic plate boundaries?

Answer 8

Destructive (subducts) ➡️⬅️

Conservative ⬆️⬇️

Constructive ⬅️➡️

Collision ↖️↗️

Question 9

When was the Haiti earthquake?

Answer 9

12/1/2010

Question 10

Why did Haiti suffer and earthquake?

Answer 10

Because Haiti is located near the North American plate, South American plate and Caribbean plate.

Haiti is stuck and surrounded by conservative/transform plates, which means that they created the earthquake in Haiti because of the FRICTION of the plates whilst they’re grinding together.

Question 11

Why were the impacts of the Haiti earthquakes bad?

Hint: Richter scale, capital and shocks.

Answer 11

Because the earthquake measured 7.0 on the Richter scale.

Additionally, the focus was 13km underground and the epicentre was 25km from the capital Port-au-Prince.

Finally, Haiti suffered a huge number of serious shocks.

Question 12

What made the impacts of the Haiti earthquake worse?

Answer 12

• the houses were self built by scrap, built on hillsides, more likely to be destroyed
• 66% of the population of Haiti earn less than £1 a day
• large families
• many of the population are uneducated and work informal jobs
• the majority of the 3 million people that live in Port-au-Prince living in slum conditions

Question 13

Name some primary impacts in of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 13

Deaths
Over 250,000 homes destroyed
300,000 people were injured in the earthquake
Government buildings destroyed

Question 14

Name some secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 14

Families need food & water
Outbreaks of cholera
Over 230,000 died & 1.5 million people were made homeless
Many people still in refugee camps up to a year after disaster
The Haitian tourist industry declined - tourists stopped visiting
The government in Haiti found it difficult to cooperate

Question 15

Name some short term responses of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 15

Search for survivors
Refugees
Have to bury dead bodies in mass graves
Slow responses, due to large after shocks, roads were blocked & airports were damaged
Within a month of earthquakes, $1.79 billion of aid had been donated to Haiti
Emergency shelters were flown from companies

Question 16

Name some long term responses of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 16

Families rely on the “outside world”
Raising money for families
The US army arrived in Haiti & took over the airport to take control of distributing aid around Haiti
Charities gave families loans to restart businesses e.g shops so they could return to earning money & not have to rely on emergency aid
Counties sent over 1,000 emergency relief
Schools rebuilt & gave families money to pay loans for school fees

Question 17

Positive effects of Haiti’s immediate and long term responses

Answer 17

Refugee camps were set up where people could get emergency shelter, water, food and medical help

Charities employed Haitian people to start clearing debris and rubble so that people could earn money and re-start the Haitian economy

2 weeks after the earthquake, the US Army took over co-ordinating the relief efforts because the Haitian government were so disorganised

$9 billion was given by international organisations after the earthquake to help people in Haiti

(also negative)

Question 18

Negative effects of Haiti’s immediate and long term responses

Answer 18

There was no where to bring aid into the country - the airport and port were both destroyed

As Haiti is a poor country, which experiences hurricanes far more often than major earthquakes, there were no emergency plans in place for earthquakes

2 years after the earthquake, 520,000 people still lived in refugee camps

Slow distribution of aid and emergency medical supplies meant that cholera, a deadly disease spread in refugee camps, adding to the death toll

People started searching the rubble for survivors with their bare hands, but no heavy lifting equipment, or organised search was started until the USA army arrived

Government building were destroyed, meaning there was no where to coordinate the relief effort

Question 19

When was the Japan tsunami?

Answer 19

2011

Question 20

What were the impacts (p+s) of the Japan tsunami? (2011)

Answer 20

Shook buildings 
Flooding 
Car on roof
Twin destroyed
700 after shocks 
Path being ripped apart
Cars destroyed 
Homes destroyed 
Parts of sewage joins flood 
Homelessness 
Clear up operation 
Businesses and money lost 
Fukushima nuclear power plant -> chnoble, reactions over heated and blew up - nuclear fall out zone

Question 21

What were the responses to the Japan tsumnami (ST+LT) 2011

Answer 21

Everyone in Japan with a phone, connected will receive an alert before the earthquake. Giving them 1 or 2 minutes to get to safety. And a tv message showing how bad it will be

Run
Search parties & ambulances to try and find survivors (very quickly)
Trying to use science and past events to try to piece together where it will be worse
Nuclear power plants has automatic shut down (power down)

Question 22

What (why) caused the Japan tsunami 2011?

Answer 22

700 aftershocks
Japan falls on the meeting point of 4 plate boundaries
Pacific plate travels 9cm under Japan per year
Japan are so used to get warnings of tsunami and earthquakes, that they weren’t expecting it to be so big
Most people in Japan live near coast
Defence walls useless/low defence, as gone down 1 metre - the tsunami/flooding was 10 metres high

Question 23

What was Haiti and Japan on the Richter scale?

Answer 23

Haiti was 7.0 on the Richter scale

Japan was 9.0 on the Richter scale

Question 24

How many deaths occurred from Haiti and Japan?

Answer 24

Haiti: +230,000
Japan: 16,447

Question 25

What was the economic cost of Haiti and Japan?

Answer 25

Haiti: cost $14 billion Japan: cost $217 billion

Question 26

Speed of response in Haiti and Japan

Answer 26

Haiti: slow - had to wait for an international response, which took 3 days to arrive Japan: rapid - search and rescue started within 20 minutes

Question 27

Population density of Haiti’s and Japan

Answer 27

Haiti: high - 3 million people in the capital city Japan: mixed - Sendai, a city with a population of 1 million, was affected by the Earthquake, but most of the coast was small villages

Question 28

Buildings destroyed- Haiti and Japan

Answer 28

Haiti: 50% of the buildings were destroyed Japan: 111,944 buildings destroyed

Question 29

Strongness of infrastructure in Haiti and Japan

Answer 29

Haiti: weak and destroyed by the earthquake e.g the port Japan: strong, but roads, railways and ports near the coast were destroyed by the tsunami

Question 30

Income level in Haiti and Japan

Answer 30

Haiti: low - gdp/capita = $1,800 Japan: high - gp/capita = $38,000

Question 31

What made the natural distaste in Haiti worse than in Japan?

Answer 31

``` Haiti was poorer Buildings in Haiti were unstable 230,000+ deaths The response time was slow - 3 days Diseases from dirty water - cholera Refugee camps - some are still there, years later A lot of secondary deaths Outbreak of cholera made death toll higher ```

Question 32

What made the natural distaste in Japan worse than in Haiti?

Answer 32

Huge magnitude - 9 on Richter scale Huge economic cost - $217 billion due to high cost of buildings destroyed/factories and economic losses Tsunami & earthquake

Question 33

Why do people live in areas at risk from tectonic acids

Answer 33

Near coast Settlements have been established in the past near the most fertile land, which is good for crops People evaluate the risk of an event occurring very rarely as a risk worth taking to live near valuable land People live near plate boundaries as often if this is where rich minerals of gold, silver, lead, sulfer & zinc are found so they can earn money from mining minerals Pressured of world population mean people are forced to live in at risk areas

Question 34

Name 3 LIC protection methods | Earthquake proof buildings

Answer 34

Cross braced wood and bamboo frame helps to reduce the impacts of earthquakes because it’s more stable and cheaper. A lightweight roof will help to reduce the risk of death if an earthquake hits, because if the roof breaks down, the people are highly likely to survive, as it’s not as heavy as normal roofs. Mud and straw will help to reduce the potential impacts of an earthquake, because it’s lightweight.

Question 35

List HIC protection methods

Answer 35

Wide foundations. Wider at bottom - makes it more stable. Deep foundations. Draper into the earth - makes it more stable. Springs in foundations. Flexi foundations move with the earthquake. Rubber crum cement. Makes the building flex with the quake. Retrofitting. Means fixing an a seismic technology to an existing building. Shatter proof glass. Less likely to do damage to those evacuating. Cross bracing. The x shape is a strong way to secure window openings (steel). A-frame bracing. As strong as x bracing, but more complicated. Evacuation hood. Stops material hitting evacuating people. Steel wire curtain. Pinned all around building to hold steady. Building sway weight. Mega heavy ball of weight suspended in a hole on the roof. It stays opposite to a quake. Shake table foundation. Spring loaded foundation table allows building to stay still while ground shakes.

Question 36

What are evaluation routes

Answer 36

Plan for where people go + get out of building

Question 37

What are open spaces

Answer 37

Open spaces around building for evacuated people to gather

Question 38

Latitude

Answer 38

Across

Question 39

As latitude increases north or south, temperature ___________. So the top and bottom of the planet are _________.

Answer 39

Decreases | Coldest

Question 40

Altitude

Answer 40

For every 100m up it gets 1°c cooler. Therefore mountainous areas are very cold.

Question 41

Continentality

Answer 41

The theory that land heats up and cools down quicker than water. This means that land locked areas are hotter in the summer and colder in the winter. Whereas, areas by the sea are not as hot in the summer, but milder in the winter.

Question 42

Global atmospheric circulation helps explain the location to go the world climate zones and the distribution of weather hazards. What is global atmospheric circulation?

Answer 42

The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes

Question 43

/ = which one The equator/poles receive the most insulation from the sun, so are warmest. This causes hot air to rise/sink. Areas where air rises are known as areas of high/low pressure. Where air rises, evaporation occurs so rainfall/no_rainfall happens. Where air sinks, there is rainfall/no_rainfall. Air rises at the equator/30°/60°/the_poles. The convection cell between the equator and 30° is known as the Hadley/Ferrel/Polar cell. The convection cell between 30° and 60° is known as the Hadley/Ferrel/Polar cell. The convection between 60° and the poles is known as the Hadley/Ferrel/Polar cell.

Answer 43

``` Equator Rise Low High Rainfall Rainfall Equator 60° Hadley Ferrel Polar ```

Question 44

A tropical storm is a very _______ ____ pressure weather system which results in ______ winds (over 120km/h) and ________ rainfall (up to 250mm in one day).

Answer 44

Powerful Low Strong Heavy

Question 45

Tropical storms have different names depending on where they occur in the world e.g:

Answer 45

Hurricanes Cyclones Typhoons Willy-willies

Question 46

What conditions are needed for a hurricane to form?

Answer 46

Light wind sheer Cluster of thunderstorms Warm seas must be above 27°c Only develop between 8 & 20 degrees north or south of the equator Warm, moist air Deep sea

Question 47

Tropical storm On either side of the eye is a _____ blank of clouds called the ____ wall. Here there are _______ winds in excess of 120km/h, _______ rain and thunder & lightning.

Answer 47

Tall Eye Strong Heavy

Question 48

Tropical storm The eye of the storm. _______ pressure due to cold air sinking, _____ skies and a _______ breeze.

Answer 48

High Clear Gentle

Question 49

Tropical storm Heavy rain and possible thunderstorms on the out _____ of the storm.

Answer 49

Skirts

Question 50

Tropical storm Beyond the eye wall there further banks of _______ with thunderstorms and occasionally ___________. _______ winds and _______ rain.

Answer 50

Cloud Tornadoes Strong Heavy

Question 51

A tropical storm is made up of a series of ______ _______.

Answer 51

Rain | Bands

Question 52

How will tropical storms change in the future?

Answer 52

The intensity of storms will increase in the future because of global warming. It will also mean that storms could be more frequent. The distribution - more places could be hit by the storm.

Question 53

THE SAFFIR-SIMPSON hurricane scale measures the _________ of tropical storms. This is based on _________ _________.

Answer 53

Strength Wind Speed

Question 54

Saffir-Simpson scale Wind category 1: Winds ______ km/h. Very ________ winds will produce ______ damage.

Answer 54

119-153 Dangerous Some

Question 55

Saffir-Simpson scale Wind category 2: Winds _______ km/h. Extremely ________ winds cause ________ damage.

Answer 55

154-177 Dangerous Extensive

Question 56

Saffir-Simpson scale Wind category 3: Winds ____ km/h. Devastating ___________ will occur.

Answer 56

178-208 | Damage

Question 57

Saffir-Simpson scale Wind category 4: Winds ______ km/h. _____________ damage will occur.

Answer 57

209-251 | Catastrophic

Question 58

Saffir-Simpson scale Wind category 5: Winds more than ____ km/h. _____________ damage will occur.

Answer 58

252 | Catastrophic

Question 59

Primary effects of tropical storms:

Answer 59

Strong winds Crops destroyed Storm surge Torrential rain

Question 60

Secondary effects of a tropical storm:

Answer 60

High economy costs Loss of trade Rising crime as people start looting Decline in businesses e.g tourism Flooding - often main cause of death Landslides Water supplies on because contaminated with sewage and/or sea water causing the spread of disease such as cholera.

Question 61

5 things that would be important when delivering immediate emergency relief:

Answer 61

``` Medicine/first aid Food Water Clothes Shelter Soap ```

Question 62

Factors affecting relief:

Answer 62

Landslide blocking road Can’t fly in - airports damaged Bridges destroyed

Question 63

Facts about Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 63

``` Flooded Houses destroyed/crushed buildings Category 5; Saffir-Simpson scale Interagency emergency health kit (response) for 10,000 people for 3 months Smells of death Water purification system (response) Delayed Slow response from government US army - aid, help, rescue mission, keep controlled Vaccinations/medical care ```

Question 64

Typhoon Haiyan brought ______ surges, flooding and _______ winds to the Philippines. __ million people were affected, _______ died. Two islands that were most affected were _______ and _____. Over __% of the city of _________ on the island of Leyte was _________.

Answer 64

Storm Strong 14 6300 Leyte Cebu 90 Tacloban Destroyed

Question 65

Typhoon Haiyan The GDP of the Philippines is US ____. Two major problems farmers faced after Typhoon Haiyan hit were: __% of farmers in affected areas lost their _________ due to rice and seed stocks being _________. Secondly, the storm surge _________ farmland with salt water, which ________ crops and contaminated the soil, meaning _____ crops can’t be planted.

Answer 65

$7300 75 Income Destroyed Flooded Drowns New

Question 66

Typhoon Haiyan ______ litres of oil leaked from the oil tanker that ran ground.

Answer 66

800,000

Question 67

Why was the speed of response slow?

Answer 67

Because of the widespread destruction of infrastructure - the airport in Tacloban was destroyed and roads were destroyed or blocked due to the mountainous relief. Lack of emergency relief.

Question 68

Typhoon Haiyan Why did people die in an emergency shelter in Tacloban? _ million food packs $250,000 litres of water was distributed within the ______ week of Haiyan.

Answer 68

Because of evacuation centres collapsed. 1 First

Question 69

Typhoon Haiyan __ countries helped/offered aid to the Philippines. Build back _____ was the Pilipino Government __________ slogan after the typhoon.

Answer 69

33 Better Rebuilding

Question 70

What were the impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 70

~ Strong winds (314km/hr) - primary ~ 4.1 million people made homeless - secondary ~ Farmers and fishermen loosing income - secondary ~ Prices of food went up - secondary ~ Storm surges (4.6 high) - primary ~ Flooding - primary

Question 71

What were the short term responses of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 71

Before the typhoon hit, people were evacuated to government shelters following televised warnings. Within a week, over 1 million food packs and 250,000 litres of water were distributed.

Question 72

What were the long term responses of Typhoon Haiyan?

Answer 72

Replanted forests. “Build back better”. 1.5 billion US dollars were donated.

Question 73

Managing tropical storms Define - monitoring/prediction

Answer 73

Attempts to forecast when and where a hazard will strike.

Question 74

Managing tropical storms Define - planning

Answer 74

Actions to enable communities to respond to and recover from natural disasters. E.g evacuation plans, warning systems.

Question 75

Managing tropical storms Define - protection

Answer 75

Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce impacts. E.g educating people or building design.

Question 76

Managing tropical storms Explain 4 examples of monitoring and protecting

Answer 76

Classic patterns of clouds can be monitored using satellites. Rain clouds of 16km in height (altitude) are more likely to form tropical storms. The global precipitation measurement satellite was launched in 2004; it measures high attitude storm clouds every three hours between 65 north and 65 south of the equator. Aircraft can monitor storm evens. They fly throw at 10,000 feet to collect air pressure, rainfall and wind speed data. They release dropsonds (sensors) that send data back via radio waves.

Question 77

Managing tropical storms Explain 4 examples of planning

Answer 77

2013 the national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) built the most accurate supercomputers known. They can give 5 day warnings and more accurate locations within 400 km. In the Philippines school children are taught about the causes and impacts of tropical storms so they understand the risks and why to evacuate. Before Typhoon Haiyan hit, warnings were issued via TV, text, radio and loud speakers. In the Philippines, over 4 million people were ordered to evacuate before Typhoon Haiyan hit.

Question 78

Extreme weather in the UK The UK is positioned between the ______ and Polar cell. Here air converges at ______ altitudes to ascend along the boundaries between ______ polar air and the warm subtropical air that generally occurs here. This gives us our _________ weather.

Answer 78

Ferrel Low Cool Unsettled