A: Food Sciences & Nutrition Composition of Foods Flashcards
An intoxication that can result in diarrhea or vomiting; it is found in foods considered to be safe such as dry food mixes, spices, rice, etc. Contamination occurs from the soil in most cases. This is:
bacillus cereus
Note: remember this is a toxin; S/S-ab cramps, D/N
Time/Temp impt. for prevention!
How many pounds of milk does it take to make one pound of cheese?
10lbs of milk
A type of polysaccharide with amylopectin and amylose?
Starches
Note: amylopectin= branched 1-4 and 1-6 beta glucosidic linkages
amylose= 1-4 beta glucosidic linkage (indigestible/no calories)
Typically, pregnant women are not to eat deli meats due to the possibility of this bacteria.
Also in unpasterized cheeses and milks
Listeria monocytogenes (can resist heat , temps below 40F, and acidity)
9-48hr onset w/variable duration
S/S= fever, N/V, aches, flu-like illnesses, premature delivery/stillbirth (eldering develop bacteremia/meningitis)
What are the nutrient claims allowed for foods intended for infants and children <2y.o.?
- Claim describing the % of vit/min in a food in relation to a DV
- Claims on infant formulas provided for in Part 107
- The terms “unsweetened” and “unsalted”
- “Sugarfree” and “No Added Sugar” on dietary supplements only
What is the difference between the following terms?
- Use by date, best by, best before
- Sell by
- Expiration date
- Use by date, best by, best before: relating to its best quality if before the date but still safe after date.
- Sell by: usually on perishable items; just the date to sell by but okay days after if stored properly
- Expiration date: the only product legally requiring this date is infant formula and some baby foods
______ refers to the changes that take place to starch granules with prolonged heating. The starch granules swell and reach maximum volume, then begin to rupture, becoming thin.
Implosion
Ex: gravy heated, left on simmering for 30mins= thin
What does homogenization do to milk?
Forces fat droplets through small screen, reducing size and dispersing them to form a stable emulsion.
What grade is an egg with flatten yolk, larger thinner proportion to thick whites called?
Grade B
What are the proteins in milk and their %?
Casein (80%) and whey (20%)
What are the examples of relative claims?
- Light
- Reduced & Added (or extra, plus, fortified, enriched)
- More and Less (or fewer)
This type of intoxication can lead to N/V/D, double & blurred vision, possible respiratory failure, paralysis and DEATH.
clostridium botulinum (botulism)
The DHHS, USDA, EPA, Commerce, and State all actively participate in the _____standards
Codex
What are the components of milk?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Colloidal system examples are emulsion, foam, sol, and gel. Explain each one.
Colloidal system= one substance disbursed NOT dissolved in another
- Emulsion= liquid in liquid
- Foam= gas in liquid (whipped cream)
- Sol= solid in liquid (gravy)
- Gel= liquid in solid (custard)
What nutrients can be found in the yolk? In the whites?
yolk: fat, protein, vitamins, iron, cholesterol
whites: vitamin B, riboflavin
Note: eggs are the richest source of choline, contains carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin)
Overrun is governed by federal standards in that the finished product must not weigh less than ___pounds per gallon.
4.5 pounds
What is the purpose of USDA grading?
to help the untrained consumer to buy quality
What happens to eggs with prolonged storage?
- Air cell increases in size
- pH increases as egg ages b/c of loss of vit C
- Yolk membrane weakens
- white becomes thinner
This pigment when in contact with acid turns bright red. Alkaline will make it turn_______. It is also affected by metals ___ & ___, turning it green/blue slate.
Anthocyanins
+acid= bright red
+alkaline= bluish
+Iron & aluminum= green/blue/slate
What inhibits gluten formation?
Sugar (widen’s gluten strands) and
Fats (coats water, prevents water from making contact)
If a cake is dense with a heavy texture, what might be reasons why this occured?
- Oven temperature was not high enough ( too low)
- Not enough leavening agents
- Too much fat & liquids
What are the benefits and risk of GMOs?
- Benefits:
- Extend shelf life
- Increase ntr composition
- More efficient food processing
- Crops resist herbicides
- Crops produce their on herbicides
- Risks
- Disruption of ecosystems
- Introduction of diseases
- Introduction of allergens/toxics
- Ethical dilemmas
An imitation ice cream product that has no butterfat or milk solids.
Parevine
This type of food additive binds to trace minerals and prevent them from causing undesirable changes in the product.
Sequestrants
Ex: EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA
Note: EDTA is also used as an antioxidant to reduce color changes
Which pigments are fat soluble? Which are water soluble?
Carotenoids & chlorophyll = fat soluble
Flavonoids= water soluble
Fish are defined as having fins, gills, backbone, and skull.
What are some examples of “mollusk” and “crustaceans”? –How are they different?
- Mollusks: has protective shell w/ no internal skeletal structure (clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, squids, conch)
- Crustaceans: has hard shells w/ jointed skeletons (shrimps, lobsters, crabs)
A control sample is given followed by two samples. One is the same as the control. Identify the one that is similiar to the controlled. This type of evaluation is called what?
Choice: duo-trio? paired comparision? triangle?
Duo-trio test
50% chance guessing
Examples of edible films and coatings used to maintain food quality are made of what?
Made from polysaccharides (carrageenan–a veggie gum produced from seaweed), proteins, and edible waxes
This agency enforces laws regarding weight and measurements.
The National Bureau of Standards
____ is formed when heated to smoke point. It is a irritating & volatile aldehyde.
Acrolein
Items that are labeled as “free, low, or reduced/less” calories should how much calories each?
- Calorie-free <5cal
- Low Calorie <40cal
- Reduced/Less calories <25%
Claims made for antioxidants should meet 5 criterias. What are they?
- RDI must be established
- Scientific evidence
- Level of nutrient to meet “high, good source, more”
- List of names nutrients in claim
Anthoxanthins become ____ in alkaline and ____ in acid. What metals causes it to turn red/brown/blue/black?
+alkaline= yellow
+acid= colorless, clear
Fe- & Cu pans = dark coloring
What is the FDA’s definition of “gluten free”?
Products containing less than 20 ppm of gluten
Recall monosaccharides are builiding blocks of disaccharides. What mono makes up these disaccharrides?
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
- sucrose= glucose +fructose
- lactose= galactose + glucose
- maltose= glucose + glucose
Why does soy grits need to be used with wheat flour if for bakery?
soy grits lacks gluten
____ in retail cuts of meats aid in the identification of the cut.
muscles?
bones?
color?
Bones
Which government agency is responsible for setting the quality standards for fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, dairy, and eggs?
USDA
The process that saturates/harden oils or soft fats by adding H+ and catalyst+ pressure to decrease melting point is called?
hydrogenation
Note: used to make butter and margarine
“Grade __” in eggs means the yolk is upstanding and firm, the white is reasonably firm and stands fairly well around the yolk, and there is a large proportion of thick to thin white.
Grade A
The high potency claim can be used for foods to describe individual vitamins/minerals that are 100% or more of RDI per RACC. True or False?
True
This organism is of concern b/c it can thrive in refridgerator temps.
listeria
Water is heated to ____ F during coffee extraction.
190-200F
Alcoholic beverages regulate by the _____.
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
If muffins have tops that are cracked and uneven, this is due to what?
oven temperature too high.
Note: the outside of the muffin hardens before the inside has a chance to rise and solidify. The result is the inside finally does rise and then will burst the top of the muffin.
Standards of identity that specify minimum and maximum ingredient requirements, optional ingredients, and prohibited ingredients in a food product are established by which federal agency?
The FDA established standards of identity for common food products to ensure quality and consistency. These standards clearly define required ingredients and specified amounts of these ingredients, as well as prohibited ingredients in foods. Foods must conform to the defined standards of identity to use the corresponding food name (eg, mayonnaise).
How can we determine the freshness of fish?
- Bright and shiny body
- Tight scales
- Firm flesh & stiff body
- Red gills
- No swelling or gas
What are the 3 types of pasteurization methods and the associating temps for each one?
The connective tissue _____ is very resistance to change where as _____ can be easily hydrolyzed (melted) with heat.
elastin, collagen
If oven temp too high or dough not kneaded well or allowed to rise enough, what will occur?
Lead to undercooked bread with dough still inside.
Heating a starch without water (browning flour) is called____.
dextrinization; breakdown of starch w/ dry heat into sweeter, smaller dextrin molecules
Note: browning of bread–>toast
Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, and vitamin C are all examples of what type of additives?
nutrients
The grading of meat looks at what?
- maturity of the animal
- marbling of fat
- color
- texture (firmness)
This agency is involved in enforcing various laws regarding marketing practices and national advertising of foods and other products.
Basically investigates the complaints of false advertising, oral misrepresentation.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
How many foods make up the majority of all food allergies?
Known as the “Big 8”, the following foods make up about 90% of all food allergies:
* Milk
* Eggs
* Peanuts
* Tree nuts
* Fish
* Shellfish
* Soy
* Wheat
What is the pH of fresh milk?
pH of 6.6
Over proofing dough can lead to which color: dark or light crust?
light
What makes an egg yolk a natural emulsifier?
The yolk contains lecithin.
Note: often used in many food products as an emulsifier (hold things together)
The agency with the infrastructure to address new and emerging foodborne pathogens is called ____.
Foodnet?
CDC?
FDA?
FoodNet
What is the Delaney Clause?
It states that “no food substance can be considered safe if it is found to produce cancer when fed to man or animal, or can be shown to induce cancer by any approproiate test.”
Note: Is under the FDA and was known as the “food additives amendment” —There are over 3000 additives in use today.
What are the temperatures for the 3 types of yeast?
Compressed/fresh?
Active?
Quick-rise?
Compressed/fresh: 89-100F
Active & quick-rise: 104-115F
Processed cheese spread is spreadable at ___degree F with a ___% moisture content.
Spreadable at 70F with a 44-60% moisture content.
The coffee substitute, _____,is often added to coffee to increase bitter taste. It has a high concentration of inulin, which when roasted, gives a dark color.
chicory
____colored fish meat have more “twitch fibers” and is used for intermittent bursts of energy.
White
Note: will have low levels of myoglobin
Tea can reduce _____ (mineral) absorption when taken at a meal containing that mineral.
Iron
Processed cheese ________with higher moisture w/ 51% more cheese with = 44% moisture.
Choices: food, spread, or product
Processed cheese food
Note: Spread= 44-60%moisture
Product=51% cheese & >60% moisture
Eating food that contains a living disease, containing microorganisms can cause what kind of foodborne illness?
Foodborne infection
What are the possible reasons why retailers discard food?
- overstocking
- improper stock rotation
- quality issues
- trimming of edible parts
Note: primary wastes come from perishable foods, baked goods, fruits, veggies, meats, seafood, prepared items. Fruits/veggies make up 12% of all discarded foods!
Example of emulsifiers are:
mono- and diglycerides and lecithin
This organism is resistant to heat and thrive in deep dish pans, also known as the “cafeteria bug”.
Will have intense abdominal cramps & diarrhea.
(NO VOMITING)
Clostridium perfringens
onset 8-16hours, duration 24hrs
Found in meats, dried/precooked foods, time/temp abused foods
A cup of coffee have amount ____mg of caffeine.
A cup of decaffeinated has about ___mg.
132-180mg
3mg
What are some examples of functional foods?
- Margarines ( can decrease cholesterol levels)
- Cereal w/ fiber (decrease cholesterol levels)
- Yogurt with live cultures (probiotic)
What does sugar do to starch gels and gelatins?
helps tenderize them
A frozen dessert similiar to ice cream but the milk fat has been replaced with vegetable fat is called what?
Mellorine (imitation ice cream)
If a pie crust becomes crumbly, what might be the problem?
Not enough fat and/or liquid or ingredients were not properly mixed
How do you determine the freshness of an egg?
- A fresh egg will sink to the bottom of cold water.
- Will have a dull, rough shell.
2 samples are presented. Identify the most acceptable or sample which is with greater amount of characteristics being measured. This is called:
Choice: duo-trio? paired comparison? triangle?
Paired Comparison
50% chance guessing
What can RD’s become familiar with to help with reducing food waste.
Hint: developed by the EPA
The Food Recovery Hierarchy
This agency requires packaging material to be tested for safety including migration of chemicals from the package into the food.
Ex: plastic containers, edible films
FDA
To increase whiteness in foams AND stabilize it, what is usually added?
What other factor can help stabilize egg foam?
cream of tartar (an acid)
sugar
This agency must approve terminology used on the label.
FDA
A soggy pie crust can be due to what?
- Crust is soggy
- Wrong crust used
- Oven temp too low
- Not baked long enough
Milks are classified by the fat portion of the milk. What % fat is whole milk and skim milk?
Whole milk is 3-4% fat, 8% fat solids.
Skim milk is <0.5% fat (fat free)
Meat cuts determine the method of cooking. Tender cuts are used for the ______method. Tough cuts for the _____method.
Dry-heat?
Moist-heat?
Meat cuts determine the method of cooking. Tender cuts are used for the dry-heat method. Tough cuts for the moist-heat method.
_____is caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game infected with the larvae of a parasitic worm.
Trichinosis
S/S: N/V/D & Fatigue, fever, ab. cramps
Soapy or bitter flavor in baked goods can be due to____.
Too much baking soda or chemical leaveners not mixed well in batter
The term “sugar” generally refers to refined sucrose derived from?
sugar cane or sugar beets
What are the % differences with claims such as:
- High,Rich in, Excellent Source of=
- Good Source, Contains, Provides=
- More, Fortified, Enriched, Added, Extra, Plus=
- High,Rich in, Excellent Source of= contains >20% of DV per RACC (indicates only foods, not describe meal)
- Good Source, Contains, Provides= 10-19% of DV per RACC (indicate meals/dishes that meets it, not describing meal)
- More, Fortified, Enriched, Added, Extra, Plus= 10% or more of DV per RACC (only used on vit/min, protein, dietary fiber, and potassium
The inside of a cell has a higher concentration of sodium than the outside of the cell. What do you expect to happen?
Water will flow from the outside to the inside of the cell
Note: The ratio of solute to water always wants to be equal. To correct this imbalance, water will flow across the semipermeable cell membrane to the inside of the cell. The concentrations will be equal, but the cell will be larger in volume.
The high potency claim can be used on multi-ingredient food product that contains 100% or more of RDI for at least 2/3 of the vit/min w/ RDIs & that are present in the product at 2% or more of the RDI. What is an example of this product?
high potency multivitamin or multi-mineral dietary supplement tablets
This regulatory agency regulates standards for fish and fish products.
U.S. Department of Commerce
Boiling point of water is affected by vapor pressure exceeding atmospheric pressure. If sea level rises, what happens to boiling point?
Increased sea level = decreased boiling point
(Boils at a lower temperature)
Ex: Sea level = water boils at 212 F
5000+ = water boils at 202 F
What are the differences between claims for meat as lean or extra lean?
-
Lean
- 10g total fat
- 4.5g saturated fat
- <95mg cholesterol
-
Extra Lean
- 5g total fat
- 2g saturated fat
- <95mg cholesterol
The Uniform Retail Meat Industry Standard Label requires what be listed on meat labels in the market?
- The species (pork, beef, veal, lamb)
- Primal cut (wholesale cut)
- Retail cut
On what kind of packaging is bisphenol A (BPA) not allowed?
Infant packaging, bottles or feeding equipments
Flat top with small peak in center for muffins is due to?
Oven temperature too low
The food poisoningg agent ______ may be present in the nasal passages of many people and is known as a foodborne illness toxin.
staphlococcus aureus
Note: sudden onset of severe N/V/D, ab. cramps, and possible fever
Can be b/c improper refridge of meats, potatos, egg salads, cream pastries
_________ is a chord-like strip that anchors an egg’s yolk.
chalaza
Which fruits contain proteases and will keep gelatin from forming a gel?
Papaya and pineapple
Extra: Can be used as meat tenderizer
Which agency approves the use of food additives in breakfast cereal?
EPA? FDA? USDA?
The FDA
rRegulates use of food additives—including coloring agents considered safe for human consumption and additives that are considered safe for human consumption or generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the scientific community. Any food that contains a food additive that is not deemed safe is considered an adulterated food by FDA standards.
If too much yeast or dough was over kneaded or was not punched down adequately, what will happen to the bread?
Production of large holes
Note: If there was too much yeast used in the recipe, then there will be an overproduction of carbon dioxide gases formed.
Increased sugar content or a low temp can cause what to happen to muffins?
When sugar is heated to a very high temperature, they caramelize, resulting in a thicker than desired crust.
If a recipe calls for butter but you only have shortening, should you use more or less than the amount needed for butter?
When substituting butter with shortening, use less.
Note: shortening is 100% fat
butter is 80% fat
Decaffeinated tea must have < ___% of its original caffeine level.
<2.5%
____ colored meat fish have a higher concentration of “slow twitch fibers”
Red or darker
Note: Muscles used continually require high levels of myoglobin and will be darker
The concentrated milk with 60% water removed with no less than 7.9% milk fat.
Evaporated milk
Note: only has 25% milk solids.
Campylobacter jejuni can developed 2-5 days after ingesting with 2-10 day duration. What are food sources for its cause?
Raw and undercooked meats, unpasterized milks and dairy products
S/S= V/D, cramps, fever (this is the common cause of diarrhea)
A dietary supplement with the statement “Vitamin K helps support normal blood clotting” on the label is making a:
health claim?
nutrient claim?
structure/function claim?
qualified health claim?
A dietary supplement that makes this type of statement is presenting a structure/function claim as per the FDA’s functional foods guidelines.
Because some cooking oils turn cloudy when refrigerated oils intended for salad dressing are treated by what process?
winterization
Note: an oil is chilled to removed saturated fat to assure high % of unsaturated oil.
Uneven shape of the cake can be due to?
Oven rack was not level or fat was not incorporated evenly
If muffins result in tubular holes formed inside the finished product, also known as tunneling, this is most likely due to the batter being what?
The batter is overmixed.
Note: When a muffin batter is overmixed, the gluten is over-produced, resulting in a tougher product that may separate in sections, forming holes.
Which is the type of fiber that is the primary part of plant cell walls and is found in all vegetables, fruits and legumes?
Cellulose: long chain of glucose molecules and is an important structural component of the cell wall of green plants and vegetables.
Humans cannot digest cellulose completely, and it acts as a bulking agent for the stool.
3 samples are present at the same time. Two are identical. Find the odd one. This evaulation test is called what?
Choice: duo-trio? paired comparision? triangle?
Triangle
33% chance guessing