A-E assessment Flashcards
How to assess airway in pt cannot talk?
Look, listen, inspect
Look for signs of airway compromise:
* angioedema
* cyanosis
* see-saw breathing
* use of accessory muscles
Listen for abnormal airway noises:
* stridor
* snoring
* gurgling
inspect: look for obstructions:
* secretions
* foreign object
Seesaw motion suggests impaired gas exchange. Might need mechanical ventilation as it suggests resp failure due to diaphragmatic or respiratory muscle fatigue.
What are some causes of airway compromise?
- Inhaled foreign body
- Blood in the airway: epistaxis, haematemesis and trauma
- Vomit/secretions in the airway: alcohol intoxication, head trauma and dysphagia
- Soft tissue swelling: anaphylaxis and infection (e.g. quinsy, sub-mandibular gland swelling)
- Local mass effect: tumours and lymphadenopathy (e.g. lymphoma)
- Laryngospasm: asthma, GORD and intubation
- Depressed level of consciousness: opioid overdose, head injury and stroke
What should you do if you see airway obstruction during your A-E?
- Seek immediate expert support from anaesthetist and crash team
- Basic airway manoeuvres while you wait for senior input
What are some specific manoeuvres you could do for airway?
- Head-tilt chin-lift manoeuvre
- Jaw thrust
How to perform a head-tilt chin-lift manoeuvre?
- Place one hand on the patient’s forehead and the other under the chin.
- Tilt the forehead back whilst lifting the chin forwards to extend the neck
- Inspect the airway for obstruction. If an obstruction is visible within the airway, use a finger sweep or suction to try and remove it.
When is a jaw thrust better than a head-tilt chin-lift?
If the patient is suspected of having suffered significant trauma with potential spinal involvement,
How do you perform a Jaw thrust?
- Identify the angle of the mandible
- Place two fingers under the angle of the mandible (on both sides) and anchor your thumbs on the patient’s cheeks
- Lift the mandible forwards
What are some airway adjuncts you could use to maintain a pts airway?
oropharyngeal airway
asopharyngeal airway
Which airway adjunct is better for a conscious pt?
NPAs are typically better tolerated in partly or fully conscious patients than oropharyngeal airways.
Specific causes of airway compromise:
Anaphylaxis :
what should be the rapid treatment?
IM adrenaline
Specific causes of airway compromise:
Blood, vomit, secretion in airway :
what should be the rapid treatment?
Suction
Pt positioned in the left lateral position
Specific causes of airway compromise:
Stridor :
what should be the rapid treatment?
sit the patient upright, urgent anaesthetic/ENT input
Specific causes of airway compromise:
Foreign body :
what should be the rapid treatment?
basic life support choking algorithm
Breathing: when you observe the patient what is a normal respiratory rate?
between 12-20 breaths per minute
What are some causes of Bradypnoea?
- sedation
- opioid toxicity
- raised intracranial pressure (ICP)
- exhaustion in airway obstruction with CO2 retention/narcosis (e.g. COPD)
What are some causes of Tachypnoea?
schema: resp vs non resp
RESP:
- airway obstruction
- asthma
- pneumonia
- PE
- pneumothorax
- pulmonary oedema
NON RESP
* heart failure
* anxiety
Breathing: you review the pts 02 sats
what are normal Sp02 ranges?
- 94-98% in healthy individuals
- 88-92% in patients with COPD at high risk of CO2 retention
Breathing: the pts oxygen sats are low: what are some causes of Hypoxaemia?
*PE
*aspiration
*COPD
*asthma
*pulmonary oedema
Breathing: General inspection - what signs might you see suggesting underlying pathology?
- Cyanosis
- Shortness of breath
- Cough
- Stridor
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- Kussmaul’s respiration
Breathing: Cyanosis
what is it? What might be the cause?
What?
* bluish skin discolouration due to poor circulation
Cause
* e.g. peripheral vasoconstriction secondary to hypovolaemia
* inadequate oxygenation, e.g. right-to-left cardiac shunting
Breathing: SOB
what are signs may see in SOB?
- nasal flaring
- pursed lips
- use of accessory muscles
- intercostal muscle recession
- tripod position
- The inability to speak in full sentences indicates significant shortness of breath.
Breathing: Cough
possible causes?
Productive cough:
* pneumonia
* bronchiectasis
* COPD
* cystic fibrosis.
A dry cough may suggest:
* asthma
* interstitial lung disease.
Breathing: Stridor
what is it?
what causes it?
What?
* a high-pitched extra-thoracic breath sound resulting from turbulent airflow through narrowed upper airways.
Causes?
* foreign body inhalation (acute)
* subglottic stenosis (chronic
Breathing: Cheyne-Stokes respiration
what is it? what causes it?
What?
* Cyclical apnoeas, with varying depth of inspiration and rate of breathing.
Cause:
* stroke
* raised ICP
* pulmonary oedema
* opioid toxicity
* hyponatraemia
* carbon monoxide poisoning.
Breathing: Kussmaul’s respiration
what is it? what causes it?
What?
* deep, sighing respiration
Cause:
* associated with metabolic acidosis (e.g. diabetic ketoacidosis).
Breathing: Tracheal position
What conditons cause the trachea to deviate AWAY from it?
- tension pneumothorax
- large pleural effusions
Breathing: Tracheal position
What conditons cause the trachea to deviate TOWARDS it?
- towards lobar collapse
- pneumonectomy
Breathing: chest expansion to look for reduced chest wall movement.
What could symmetrical reduced chest expansion indicate?
- pulmonary fibrosis
reduces lung elasticity, restricting overall chest expansion
Breathing: chest expansion to look for reduced chest wall movement.
What could ASYMMETRICAL chest expansion indicate?
- pneumothorax
- pneumonia
- pleural effusion
Breathing: Percussion of the chest
what finding would be ‘normal’?
should be resonant in healthy individuals
Breathing: Percussion of the chest
what are some abnormal findings and what would they indicate?
- Dullness: suggests increased tissue density (e.g. cardiac dullness, consolidation, tumour, lobar collapse)
- Stony dullness: an underlying pleural effusion
- Hyper-resonance: the opposite of dullness, suggestive of decreased tissue density (e.g. pneumothorax)
Breathing:
You auscultate the chest
what are some abnormalities you can find?
- Bronchial breathing
- Quiet/reduced breath sounds
- Wheeze
- Coarse crackles
- Fine end-inspiratory crackles
Breathing: Auscultate
Bronchial breathing
What is it? What could it indicate?
What?
* harsh-sounding (similar to auscultating over the trachea), inspiration and expiration are equal, and there is a pause between.
Indicate:
* associated with consolidation
Breathing: Auscultate
Quiet/reduced breath sounds:
What is it? What could it indicate?
suggest reduced air entry into that lung region (e.g. pleural effusion, pneumothorax).
Breathing: Auscultate
Wheeze
What is it? What could it indicate?
What?
* a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing (expiration).
Indicate:
* Wheeze is often associated with asthma, COPD and bronchiectasis.