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Treatment sites- Chapter 3 laura nappi Part 2 dosimetry > A. Different treatment types and procedures > Flashcards

A. Different treatment types and procedures Flashcards

1
Q

_______ Radiation Therapy Conforms the radiation beam so that the target volume receives the prescribed dose and the surrounding healthy tissue receives a much lower dose

A

3-D Conformal

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2
Q

Planning uses 3D imaging such as ______

A

computed tomograpy

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3
Q

________ is a monoenergetic beam that is used to treat superficial tumors

A

Electron beam

  • mono energetic beam
  • treat superficial tumors <5 cm deep
  • 6-20 Mev
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4
Q

Electron beams Scatter easily in

A

air

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5
Q

Electron beams r equires a cone to confine the beam closer to the

A

patient’s skin surface

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6
Q

Electron beam field edges balloon out because of _____and aren’t definitive like photon beams

A

scatter

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7
Q

For electron beams, there is a “rapid falloff” of dose, which means that

A

deeper organs and tissues will receive very little or no dose

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8
Q

For electron beams there is _____________, which means more dose to the skin compared to photons

A

Less skin sparing

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9
Q

_____ is a radiation beam that has varying intensities throughout the beam

A

IMRT

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10
Q

IMRT has Many smaller beams or “beamlets”. Beamlets are commonly as small as

A

1 cm x 1 cm

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11
Q

T/F for IMRT the dose is uniform

A

FALSE

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12
Q

IMRT allows for higher doses to tumors while minimizing doses to

A

surrounding healthy tissues

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13
Q

IMRT uses _____ treatment planning and dynamic MLCs

A

inverse

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14
Q

______ treats small tumors within the cranium at a high dose

A

SRS

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15
Q

SRS treats tumors with how many fractions?

A

One

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16
Q

SRS tumors are normally less than ____Cm

A

3cm

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17
Q

Treatment positioning must be +/- ___mm

A

1mm

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18
Q

SRS of intracranial lesions may require

A

a frame attached to the patients head

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19
Q

What are the common disease treated with SRS that are in the cranium?

A

AVMS, trigeminal neuralgia, acoustic neuromas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, metastatic and primary brain tumors, less common in spine

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20
Q

What are some examples of machines that preform SRS treatment?

A

Gamma Knife and Cyber Knife

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21
Q

______ treats small tumors outside of the cranium with a very high dose for about 3-5 fx

A

SBRT

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22
Q

_____ is a type of radiation therapy that targets the whole body to prepare for bone marrow transplants and to treat other malignancies

A

TBI

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23
Q

_____ is used prior to treatment to confirm patient position

A

Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)

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24
Q

What are examples of IGRT

A

EPID, KV, MV cone beam, Ultrasound

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25
Q

_____ = high energy charged particles such as protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions

A

Particle beam radiotherapy

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26
Q

______ is the dose curve of a proton beam. It starts off low at the beginning but then rapidly rises toward the end of the path. Then abruptly falls to zero.

A

Bragg peak

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27
Q

___________ Helps to position the patient for treatment

A

Patient positioning aids

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28
Q

Positioning aids do NOT….

A

limit the patient’s movement

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29
Q

What are positioning devices than can be used for multiple patients

A

head holders, sponge pillows, foam cushions, neck rolls

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30
Q

________________ immobilization devices- Limit the patients movement and create a very reproducible setup

A

Complex

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31
Q

Complex immobilization devices are Customized for each patient. What are some examples?

A

alpha cradle, vac-lok, thermoplastic molds, bite blocks

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32
Q

_______immobilization devices Help to constrain patient

A

Simple

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33
Q

Simple immobilization devices are Used with positioning aids. They are Not as restricting as complex immobilization devices. What are some examples?

A

tape, rubber band, arm-to-foot straps

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34
Q

When is contrast used?

A

simulation

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35
Q

What does contrast do to help create the treatment plan?

A

It will highlight specific organs

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36
Q

What can contrast highlight?

A

Area to be treated and critical structures to be avoided

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37
Q

______ contrast agents appear radiopaque (white) on radiographic imaging due to high atomic numbers

A

positive

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38
Q

What are examples of positive contrast agents?

A

iodine, gadolinium, and barium

39
Q

______ contrast agents appear radiolucent (black) on radiographic imaging due to low atomic numbers

A

negative

40
Q

What are some examples of negative contrast agents?

A

air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide

41
Q

_____ is the most common imaging modality used for RT treatment planning

A

computed tomography (CT)

42
Q

CT simulators create ____ images

A

3D

43
Q

CT images are produced by

A

X-ray, detectors, and computer

44
Q

the CT scanner follows A XYZ axis

A

Z axis = length of patient
x axis = width
y axis = height

45
Q

CT images are acquired through

A

Spiral or helical scanning

46
Q

_____ is the thickness of the section in the patient that contributes to echo signals on any one image

A

slice thickness

47
Q

Slice thickness is Controlled by pre-patient collimation within the

A

CT gantry

48
Q

Thinner image slices are a result from _________ collimation that narrows the x-ray beam

A

more

49
Q

___________ slices reduce scatter and create better image quality

A

thinner

50
Q

Typical CT simulation slice thickness is ___ to ___ mm

A

2-3 mm

51
Q

One CT slice delivers __to___ cgy at the skin’s surface

A

1 to 6 cGy

52
Q

Spacing between CT slices should be less than ____

A

5 mm

53
Q

__________ space between the slices leads to less information obtained by the scan and more interpolation performed by the computer algorithms

A

more

54
Q

What are two key factors for generating high-quality DRRs?

A

slice thickness and space between slices

55
Q

_____ Measures the beam quantity, or how many x-rays are produced

A

mA

56
Q

mA Increase leads to higher

A

patient dose

57
Q

mA is a Technical factor used to create a

A

high-quality image

58
Q

CT image displays use a matrix size of _______ x _______

A

512 X 512

59
Q

CT images are a display of many small pixels with different shades of gray, depending on the

A

attenuation rate or Hounsfield units

60
Q

the number of shades of gray displayed on an image or the contrast of the image.

A

window width (WW)

61
Q

A _____ window width has more contrast

A

narrow

62
Q

the median shade of gray or hounsfield unit within the window width

A

Window Level (WL)

63
Q

Window level changes the image

A

brightness

64
Q

An increase in window level creates a

A

darker image

65
Q

A decrease in window level creates a

A

brighter image

66
Q

_____ is a value that represents a shade of gray

A

CT number

67
Q

CT number is also known as the

A

Hounsfield Unit (HU)

68
Q

CT number represents the _____ of different tissues

A

density

69
Q

For CT number the shade of gray is determined by

A

how the structure attenuates the x-ray beam

70
Q

What is CT number for air

A

-1,000

71
Q

What is CT number for water

A

0

72
Q

What is CT number for bone

A

1000

73
Q

____ is where the computer uses algorithms to create the CT image in different planes

A

Reconstruction

74
Q

Where are reconstructed CT Images first acquired?

A

the axial plane

75
Q

CT Images are reconstructed to be viewed in the _______ planes

A

coronal and sagittal

76
Q

During a _______, raw data is acquired during a scan and it is then reconstructed into image data to be viewed

A

CT simulation

77
Q

The computer assigns each pixel an HU to become _______ in reconstruction of image

A

image data

78
Q

The amount of raw data used to create or display an image

A

display field of view (DFOV)

79
Q

Area of interest to be scanned

A

Scan field of view (SFOV)

80
Q

_______ is a 3-D image taken in the treatment position that provides data of the anatomy of the patient, such as the skin, tumor and other organs within the body

A

contour

81
Q

Contours are necessary for creating accurate treatment plans and

A

calculating doses

82
Q

In the _______ ( treatment planning system) the physician can identify the treatment borders and the isocenter location

A

Virtual simulator

83
Q

What does DICOM stand for

A

Digital imaging and communication in medicine

84
Q

DICOM is used to

A

Transfer of images and patient reports to planning computers

85
Q

Used to store and share images

A

PACS

86
Q

____ lasers are at a fixed distance from the internal scanner lasers usually 500mm (50cm)

A

External

87
Q

___ lasers are mounted to the side of wall and project vertical and horizontal directions

A

Wall

88
Q

_____ laser is a single laser located on the ceiling and is moveable. It moves in the left/ right position. Important since CT table cant move Lt/Rt.

A

Sagittal

89
Q

___ lasers are internally mounted within the gantry bore

A

Scanner

90
Q

Who created Sim order

A

Radiation oncologist

91
Q

What should be included in Sim order?

A

Patient position, body part to be simmed, laterality of body part, contrast instructions, and immobilization technique

92
Q

what is Non - volumetric arc therapy ?

A

used for small tumors

  • where gantry rotates but the mlc stay stationary
  • 3D plan
93
Q

you can find the range depth in electron by doing

A

Mev/2

Treatment sites- Chapter 3 laura nappi Part 2 dosimetry (1 decks)

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