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NMAT BIOLOGY > A - Circulatory System > Flashcards

A - Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Largest chamber of the heart with the highest pressure

A

Left ventricle

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2
Q

Pathway of blood circulation

A
  1. Left ventricle
  2. Aorta
  3. Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries
  4. Cells (deliver O2; pick up CO2)
  5. Veins
  6. Superior/inferior vena cava (upper and lower body)
  7. Right atrium
  8. Right ventricle
  9. Pulmonary artery
  10. Lungs (pick up O2; deliver CO2)
  11. Pulmonary vein
  12. Left atrium
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3
Q

This is where the exchange of CO2 and O2 happens

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

Fx of the circulatory system

A

Transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, heat , hormones, immune cells throughout the body

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5
Q

Double-layered sac that covers the heart

A

pericardium

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6
Q

Outer layer of the heart

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. parietal pericardium
  3. Serous fluid
  4. Visceral pericardium
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7
Q

Inner layer of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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8
Q

Dense connective tissue - protects the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures

A

Fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

inner visceral layer

A

serous pericardium

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10
Q

divides the heart into 4 chambers

A

septum

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11
Q

valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery; allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary semi-lunar valve

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12
Q

Divides the left ventricle and aorta

carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Aortic semi lunar valve

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13
Q

divides the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral valve or bicuspid valve

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14
Q

divides the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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15
Q

Receiving chamber of the deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Atria

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16
Q

discharging chambers

pushes blood out of the heart

A

ventricles

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17
Q

Peak pressure produced by contracting ventricles

A

systolic pressure

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18
Q

pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed

A

diastolic pressure

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19
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

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20
Q

Administers 100-200 volts to stop a heart so that the pacemakers will reset and work in synchrony again

A

Defibrillator

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21
Q

Cardia muscles are interconnected and separated by a loose matrix of connective tissue called __________

A

Endomysium - this supplies the cardiac muscle with freshly oxygenated blood

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22
Q

Each cardiac muscle cell is composed of _____ % _________ which is why it is resistant to fatigue

A

25-35% mitochondria

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23
Q

The only cells in the body that can generate their own action potential

-Keeps the heart beating in the right rhythm

A

Pacemaker cells

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24
Q

Transmits electricity along a precisely-timed pathway that ends with atrial and ventricular contractions
1 beat takes 220 milliseconds to complete

A

Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

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25
Q

Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Atrioventricular node
  4. Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
  5. Purkinje fibers
  6. Contractions
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26
Q

The fast, leaky cells in the heart are found in the ________

A

SA node - so this is where the action potential starts; it is the kickstarter

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27
Q

Synapse like connections between cardiac cells

A

Gap junctions

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28
Q

Delays the signal for a tenth of a second so that the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles spur into action

A

AV node

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29
Q

AV nodes are located in the ___________

A

Right atrium. above the tricuspid valve

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30
Q

Triggers depolarization of surrounding cells so that the ventricles will contract from the bottom up

A

Purkinje fibers

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31
Q

Blood vessels

A

Arteries - away from the heart
Arterioles - branch out to the capillaries
Veins - towards the heart
Venules - suck blood out of capillaries
Capillaries - transfer station wherein the exchange of gasses occur

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32
Q

Parts of a blood vessel

A
  1. Lumen
  2. Tunics
  3. Capillaries
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33
Q

3 Layers of tunics

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
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34
Q

innermost layer

contains endothelium and elastic membranes

A

tunica intima

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35
Q
  • Made of smooth muscle and elastin
  • the thickest part of the arteries that control BP
  • responsible for vasodilation/vasoconstriction which is regulated in part by the Autonomic NS
A

Tunica media

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36
Q
  • made up of collagen fiber
  • thick in large veins and arteries
  • sometimes contains vasavasorium
A

tunica externa

37
Q
  • tiny blood vessels that keep the thick tunica externa nourished
  • Literally “vessels of the vessels”
A

vasavasorium

38
Q

The capillaries are made up of only _________

- 3 types

A

Tunica intima (epithelial tissue)

  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinuous (sinusoids)
39
Q

The largest capillaries are found in the ______

A

Liver

40
Q

Gas exchange happens through

A

passive diffusion and pinocytosis

41
Q

Lie just underneath the endothelium of blood capillaries, and are a source of new fibroblasts.

A

Perivascular cells

42
Q

The kind of capillary with pericytes in them

A

continuous capillaries

43
Q

Capillaries found in the liver

A

sinusoids

44
Q

These are found in some tissues where there is extensive molecular exchange with the blood such as the small intestine, endocrine glands, and the kidney.

-It contains pores that allow larger molecules through

A

Fenestrated capillaries

45
Q
  • Capillaries only found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and some endocrine glands
  • special type of capillary that have a wide diameter
  • formed between the endothelial cells of the sinusoids and hepatocyte cells
A

Sinusoids

46
Q

Ligaments and tendons are ____

A

avascular

47
Q

The cornea and lens get nutrients through the ____

A

Aqueous humor

48
Q
  • where the actual exchange of gasses occur
  • helps regulate blood pressure
  • plays a role in thermoregulation
A

capillary bed

49
Q

prevents blood from flowing backward

A

venous valves

50
Q

Cardiac volume

A

stoke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)

51
Q

Bad cholesterol that builds up and forms a plaque

A

LDL - Low density lipoprotein

52
Q

The homeostasis in blood pressure is attained in three ways

A
  1. Neurons - alters distribution and blood flow; changes diameter of BV
  2. Hormones - epinephrine and norepinephrine
  3. Kidneys - alters blood volume (relating to dehydration)
53
Q
  • Special nerve endings found in carotid arteries, aorta, and other large arteries in the neck
  • detects the pressure in the arteries and sends signals/action potentials to the midbrain
A

Baroreceptors

54
Q
  • Helps regulate the levels of sodium and fluids in the body
  • helps expand and constrict BV
  • when BP is too high, the kidneys excrete urine
A

renin and angiotensin

55
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

hardened blood vessels due to build up of plaque

56
Q

When blood vessels burst

A

Aneurysm

57
Q

Blood has ___ types and it makes up __% of the body mass

A

8

58
Q

Mixture of blood and cell fragments along with water and dissolved molecules

A

whole blood

59
Q

transfusable products from blood

A
  1. Red cells
  2. Platelets
  3. Plasma
  4. Cryoprecipitate
60
Q

Protein needed for blood clotting

A

Cryoprecipitate

61
Q

Components of blood

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
    4 Plasma
62
Q

Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

makes up __% of the total blood volume

A

erythrocytes

45%

63
Q

defends the body from toxins and microbes

A

leukocytes

64
Q

helps in blood clotting

A

platelets

65
Q
  • yellowish substance that makes 55% of blood volume

- 90% water, 10% different solutes (electrolytes, proteins, gasses, hormones)

A

plasma

66
Q
  • most abundant solute
  • regulates blood chemistry
  • maintains pH level and osmotic pressure
A

electrolytes such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, (PO3)4, (SO3)4

67
Q

Plasma proteins made by the liver to

  1. maintain osmotic pressure between the blood and tissues
  2. Transport lipid and ions
A

Albumin

Alpha and Beta globulins

68
Q

Released by plasma cells during an immune response

A

Gamma globulin antibodies

69
Q

Prevents you from losing too much blood
- when the endothelial cells tear, the collagen fibers are exposed, causing the platelets to stick to it and clump to plug the wound

A

hemostasis

70
Q
  • completes the clotting process

- protein strands that join together to trap platelets and close the wound

A

fibrin threads

71
Q

Nametags of antigens

A

Glycoprotein

72
Q

activates anti-bodies and determines blood type

A

Agglutinogens

73
Q

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

A

A antigens
B antigens
A and B antigens (universal receiver)
No antigens (unuiversal donor)

74
Q

RH positive

A

Don’t have Rh antibodies

Thus, can accept (-) and (+) blood

75
Q

RH negative

A

can accept (+) blood but only once

76
Q

contains anti-RH antigens that blocks the immune system from attacking own body cells

A

Rhogam serum injection

77
Q

How long does an erythrocyte live?

A

120 days

78
Q

Hemoglobin is made of 8 molecules

A 
4 heme (red pigment)
4 globin (protein that contains 2 alpha and 2 beta)
79
Q

Blood making that happens in the red bone marrow. It takes 15 days

A

hematopoiesis

80
Q

copper-rich protein pigment that turns blue when exposed to oxygen
- can be found in mollusks

A

hemocyanin

81
Q

Progression of hematopoiesis

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Early erythroblast
  4. Late stage erythroblast
  5. Reticulocytes
82
Q

Makes ribosomes and ultimately, hemoglobin

A

Early erythroblast

83
Q

The stage in which the blood cell ejects its nucleus and innards when it gets enough hemoglobin

A

Late stage Erythroblast

84
Q

Oxygen deprivation

A

Hypoxia

85
Q

Special hormone produced in the kidneys and liver that maintains the level of red blood cell

A

Erythropoietin

86
Q

Monitors the blood’s oxygen levels

A

Hypoxia inducible factor

87
Q

RBC graveyard

A

Spleen

88
Q

How are old RBC disposed of

A
  1. Old RBC engulfed by macrophages
  2. Breaks down amd recycle components

A. Globin > amino acids > goes back to the blood > Used by other cls to create proteins

B. Iron - stored in the liver or put in new hemoglobin molecule

C. Heme > bilirubin > liver > added to bile > secreted in the intestine > poop

89
Q

Injecting synthetic erythropoietin hormones to boost RBC production

How does this works?

A

Doping

NMAT BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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