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NMAT BIOLOGY > A - Circulatory System > Flashcards

A - Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Largest chamber of the heart with the highest pressure

A

Left ventricle

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2
Q

Pathway of blood circulation

A
  1. Left ventricle
  2. Aorta
  3. Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries
  4. Cells (deliver O2; pick up CO2)
  5. Veins
  6. Superior/inferior vena cava (upper and lower body)
  7. Right atrium
  8. Right ventricle
  9. Pulmonary artery
  10. Lungs (pick up O2; deliver CO2)
  11. Pulmonary vein
  12. Left atrium
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3
Q

This is where the exchange of CO2 and O2 happens

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

Fx of the circulatory system

A

Transports nutrients, oxygen, waste, heat , hormones, immune cells throughout the body

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5
Q

Double-layered sac that covers the heart

A

pericardium

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6
Q

Outer layer of the heart

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. parietal pericardium
  3. Serous fluid
  4. Visceral pericardium
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7
Q

Inner layer of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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8
Q

Dense connective tissue - protects the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures

A

Fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

inner visceral layer

A

serous pericardium

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10
Q

divides the heart into 4 chambers

A

septum

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11
Q

valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery; allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary semi-lunar valve

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12
Q

Divides the left ventricle and aorta

carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body

A

Aortic semi lunar valve

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13
Q

divides the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral valve or bicuspid valve

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14
Q

divides the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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15
Q

Receiving chamber of the deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Atria

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16
Q

discharging chambers

pushes blood out of the heart

A

ventricles

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17
Q

Peak pressure produced by contracting ventricles

A

systolic pressure

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18
Q

pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed

A

diastolic pressure

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19
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

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20
Q

Administers 100-200 volts to stop a heart so that the pacemakers will reset and work in synchrony again

A

Defibrillator

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21
Q

Cardia muscles are interconnected and separated by a loose matrix of connective tissue called __________

A

Endomysium - this supplies the cardiac muscle with freshly oxygenated blood

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22
Q

Each cardiac muscle cell is composed of _____ % _________ which is why it is resistant to fatigue

A

25-35% mitochondria

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23
Q

The only cells in the body that can generate their own action potential

-Keeps the heart beating in the right rhythm

A

Pacemaker cells

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24
Q

Transmits electricity along a precisely-timed pathway that ends with atrial and ventricular contractions
1 beat takes 220 milliseconds to complete

A

Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

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25
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
1. Sinoatrial Node 2. Gap junctions 3. Atrioventricular node 4. Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) 5. Purkinje fibers 6. Contractions
26
The fast, leaky cells in the heart are found in the ________
SA node - so this is where the action potential starts; it is the kickstarter
27
Synapse like connections between cardiac cells
Gap junctions
28
Delays the signal for a tenth of a second so that the atria can finish contracting before the ventricles spur into action
AV node
29
AV nodes are located in the ___________
Right atrium. above the tricuspid valve
30
Triggers depolarization of surrounding cells so that the ventricles will contract from the bottom up
Purkinje fibers
31
Blood vessels
Arteries - away from the heart Arterioles - branch out to the capillaries Veins - towards the heart Venules - suck blood out of capillaries Capillaries - transfer station wherein the exchange of gasses occur
32
Parts of a blood vessel
1. Lumen 2. Tunics 3. Capillaries
33
3 Layers of tunics
1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa
34
innermost layer | contains endothelium and elastic membranes
tunica intima
35
- Made of smooth muscle and elastin - the thickest part of the arteries that control BP - responsible for vasodilation/vasoconstriction which is regulated in part by the Autonomic NS
Tunica media
36
- made up of collagen fiber - thick in large veins and arteries - sometimes contains vasavasorium
tunica externa
37
- tiny blood vessels that keep the thick tunica externa nourished - Literally "vessels of the vessels"
vasavasorium
38
The capillaries are made up of only _________ | - 3 types
Tunica intima (epithelial tissue) 1. continuous 2. fenestrated 3. discontinuous (sinusoids)
39
The largest capillaries are found in the ______
Liver
40
Gas exchange happens through
passive diffusion and pinocytosis
41
Lie just underneath the endothelium of blood capillaries, and are a source of new fibroblasts.
Perivascular cells
42
The kind of capillary with pericytes in them
continuous capillaries
43
Capillaries found in the liver
sinusoids
44
These are found in some tissues where there is extensive molecular exchange with the blood such as the small intestine, endocrine glands, and the kidney. -It contains pores that allow larger molecules through
Fenestrated capillaries
45
- Capillaries only found in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and some endocrine glands - special type of capillary that have a wide diameter - formed between the endothelial cells of the sinusoids and hepatocyte cells
Sinusoids
46
Ligaments and tendons are ____
avascular
47
The cornea and lens get nutrients through the ____
Aqueous humor
48
- where the actual exchange of gasses occur - helps regulate blood pressure - plays a role in thermoregulation
capillary bed
49
prevents blood from flowing backward
venous valves
50
Cardiac volume
stoke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
51
Bad cholesterol that builds up and forms a plaque
LDL - Low density lipoprotein
52
The homeostasis in blood pressure is attained in three ways
1. Neurons - alters distribution and blood flow; changes diameter of BV 2. Hormones - epinephrine and norepinephrine 3. Kidneys - alters blood volume (relating to dehydration)
53
- Special nerve endings found in carotid arteries, aorta, and other large arteries in the neck - detects the pressure in the arteries and sends signals/action potentials to the midbrain
Baroreceptors
54
- Helps regulate the levels of sodium and fluids in the body - helps expand and constrict BV - when BP is too high, the kidneys excrete urine
renin and angiotensin
55
Atherosclerosis
hardened blood vessels due to build up of plaque
56
When blood vessels burst
Aneurysm
57
Blood has ___ types and it makes up __% of the body mass
8
58
Mixture of blood and cell fragments along with water and dissolved molecules
whole blood
59
transfusable products from blood
1. Red cells 2. Platelets 3. Plasma 4. Cryoprecipitate
60
Protein needed for blood clotting
Cryoprecipitate
61
Components of blood
1. Erythrocytes 2. Leukocytes 3. Platelets 4 Plasma
62
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide | makes up __% of the total blood volume
erythrocytes | 45%
63
defends the body from toxins and microbes
leukocytes
64
helps in blood clotting
platelets
65
- yellowish substance that makes 55% of blood volume | - 90% water, 10% different solutes (electrolytes, proteins, gasses, hormones)
plasma
66
- most abundant solute - regulates blood chemistry - maintains pH level and osmotic pressure
electrolytes such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, (PO3)4, (SO3)4
67
Plasma proteins made by the liver to 1. maintain osmotic pressure between the blood and tissues 2. Transport lipid and ions
Albumin | Alpha and Beta globulins
68
Released by plasma cells during an immune response
Gamma globulin antibodies
69
Prevents you from losing too much blood - when the endothelial cells tear, the collagen fibers are exposed, causing the platelets to stick to it and clump to plug the wound
hemostasis
70
- completes the clotting process | - protein strands that join together to trap platelets and close the wound
fibrin threads
71
Nametags of antigens
Glycoprotein
72
activates anti-bodies and determines blood type
Agglutinogens
73
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
A antigens B antigens A and B antigens (universal receiver) No antigens (unuiversal donor)
74
RH positive
Don't have Rh antibodies | Thus, can accept (-) and (+) blood
75
RH negative
can accept (+) blood but only once
76
contains anti-RH antigens that blocks the immune system from attacking own body cells
Rhogam serum injection
77
How long does an erythrocyte live?
120 days
78
Hemoglobin is made of 8 molecules
``` 4 heme (red pigment) 4 globin (protein that contains 2 alpha and 2 beta) ```
79
Blood making that happens in the red bone marrow. It takes 15 days
hematopoiesis
80
copper-rich protein pigment that turns blue when exposed to oxygen - can be found in mollusks
hemocyanin
81
Progression of hematopoiesis
1. Hemocytoblast 2. Proerythroblast 3. Early erythroblast 4. Late stage erythroblast 5. Reticulocytes
82
Makes ribosomes and ultimately, hemoglobin
Early erythroblast
83
The stage in which the blood cell ejects its nucleus and innards when it gets enough hemoglobin
Late stage Erythroblast
84
Oxygen deprivation
Hypoxia
85
Special hormone produced in the kidneys and liver that maintains the level of red blood cell
Erythropoietin
86
Monitors the blood's oxygen levels
Hypoxia inducible factor
87
RBC graveyard
Spleen
88
How are old RBC disposed of
1. Old RBC engulfed by macrophages 2. Breaks down amd recycle components A. Globin > amino acids > goes back to the blood > Used by other cls to create proteins B. Iron - stored in the liver or put in new hemoglobin molecule C. Heme > bilirubin > liver > added to bile > secreted in the intestine > poop
89
Injecting synthetic erythropoietin hormones to boost RBC production How does this works?
Doping

NMAT BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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