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HERBS > A Brief History > Flashcards

A Brief History Flashcards

1
Q

Which text is considered to be the 1st true materia medica of Chinese medicine?

A

Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing

(Shen Nong’s Classic of Materia Medica 200 A.D.)

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2
Q

How many herbs are in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing?

A

365 herbs

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3
Q

What are the 3 categories of herbs in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing?

A

Upper class

  • heal spiritual disease

Middle class

  • focus on constitutional treatment

Lower class

  • expel disease
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4
Q

Which text contains 844 herbs?

It was the first ________ materia medica.

A

Xin Xiu Ben Cao

(The New revised MAteria Medica 695 A.D.)

  • official pharmacopeia of Tang dynasty

China’s first illustrated materia medica – picture of each herb

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5
Q

What was the text of the Song Dynasty? (1108 A.D.)

A

Zheng Lei Ben Cao

(Materia Medica Arranged According to Pattern 1108 A.D.)

  • contained 1558 substances and attached with formulas
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6
Q

What was the text named Classic of Mountain and Seas?

A

Shan Hai Jing

  • classic text
  • 120 herbal substances
  • descriptions of some of their uses
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7
Q

Which text is/was the most comprehensive work of Chinese herb books containing 52 volumes and 1892 herbs?

A

Ben Cao Gan Mu

(Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shi Zhen 1596 A.D.)

  • more than 1000 pictures for herbs and 11, 000 formulas; under each item there are explanations of names, discussions on commentairies, preparations, natures and flavors, indications, formulas
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8
Q

Which book contains 5767 entries and is the definitive compilation of China’s herbal tradition to date?

A

Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian

(Encyclopedia of traditional Chinese medicinal Substances 1977)

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9
Q

Which book is the original source of all prescription manuals?

A

Jing Gui Yao Lue

  • lists herbal formulas and prescription techniques based largely on the “6 Stages of Disease” theory
  • this approach helped lay the foundation for disease differentiation and proper prescription of herbs
  • the Jinggui focuses on difficult and recalcitrant diseases separate from the six stages with a primary focus on woman’s diseases
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10
Q

What is the oldest book laying out a complete philosophy of Chinese medicine and theory?

A

Huang Di Nei Jing - The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic

(200 B.C. to 100 A.D.)

  • Simple Questions (Su Wen)/The Spiritual Axis (Ling Shu)*
  • it lays out the roots of how the theories of elemental, humoral and energetic forces are the basis for understanding what is observed clinically
  • it is stated that health and disease are subject to the principles of natural order so medicine should be practiced this way
  • the theories of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements are established as the basis of Chinese medical theory
  • the human microcosm reflects the forces of nature and the universe and is subject to their laws
  • discusses the therapeutic modalities of herbs, acu, diet, and exercise
  • has important Herbal info embedded in it
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11
Q

Explain:

Di

Dao

Paozhi

A

Di:

  • where an herb traditionally in classical times was grown

Dao:

  • the specific growing areas, methods, times, seasons and harvesting methods used

Paozhi:

  • all important methods used in the processing of herbs
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12
Q

Collection of Chinese Herbs

whole plant

leaf

flower and pollen

fruit

seeds

roots/bulbs

bark

A

Whole Plant: collected when fully grown, at times when the plants and flowers are blossoming

Leaf: before or as the flowers begin to blossom

Flower & Pollen: flowers must be collected when they are still in bud or initial stage of blooming & pollen when flowers are fully bloomed

Fruit: most picked when ripened – juicy fruits collected in early morning or evening

Seeds: after they have matured completely

Roots/Bulbs: late fall or early spring – nutrients for whole plant are generally stored in the roots

Bark: spring or summer

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13
Q

PINYIN

twig

leaf

flower

root

peel/skin/bark

fruit

A

twig: zhi
leaf: ye
flower: hua
root: gen

peel/skin/bark: pi

fruit: guo & shen

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14
Q

4 purposes of processing

A
  1. decrease toxicity of the herb and minimize side effects
  2. change function of the herb (either enhance one function of the herb or deplete one function of the herb)
  3. in order to store herb
  4. take out the part that is not useful
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15
Q

Methods of processing:

A

soaking

bleaching

refining with water

dry-frying

frying with liquids

calcining

quick-frying

dry-curing or baking

roasting in ashes

steaming

boiling

quenching

simmering

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16
Q

The Four Natures (si qi)

A

Cold and Cool

Warm and Hot

Neutral

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17
Q

Acrid

A

(xin)

  • disperse (promote Qi and blood circulation), lift
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18
Q

Bitter

A

(ku)

  • descend, clear and purge, dry (up dampness), consolidate (Yin)
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19
Q

Sweet

A

(gan)

  • tonify, coordinate herbs and reduce herbs’ side-effects, reflex spasm
20
Q

Sour

A

(suan)

  • astringe and control (Qi, blood, body Fluid, shen and essence)
21
Q

Salty

A

(xian)

  • purge, soften (masses)
22
Q

Bland

A

(dan)

  • promote urination for eliminating damp

[class notes]:

drain water, reduce water, ease on digestion, urination

23
Q

Astringent

A

(shoulianji)

similar to sour

[class notes]:

like sour but with more power

24
Q

Toxic

[added in class notes]

A

(be aware of the problem of using toxic herbs, dose, side effects, SQUARE)

25
Q

Aromatic

[added in class notes]

A
  • spread, penetrate, open, unblock, awaken, transform, damp moving
26
Q

Lifting and Floating Herbs

A
  • possess upward and outward action and have function to lift Yang, eliminate wind and cold, open orifices, induce sweat, and promote Qi circulation
  • acrid or sweet and warm or hot
27
Q

Lowering and Sinking Herbs

A
  • possess downward and inward action and have a function to calm the shen, subdue hyperactivity of Yang and internal wind, eliminate food retention, purge and clear heat, promote urination and descend Qi
  • sour, bitter, salty or astringent and cool or cold
28
Q

Channels and Organs Entered

A
  • this refers to an herb’s ability to perform its function on one organ and its channel or several specific organs and their channels
29
Q

Techniques for combining herbs

A
  1. mutial reinforcement between herbs (xiang xu)
  2. mutual assistance bw herbs (xiang shi)
  3. mutual detoxification (xiang sha/xiang wei)
  4. mutual antagonism (xiang wu)
  5. incompatibility bw herbs (xiang fan)
30
Q

What are the principles for combining herbs?

A

- increase therapeutic effectiveness

- minimizing toxicity or side-effects

- accommodating more complex symptom patterns

- modifying actions of promary herbs in the formula

31
Q

7 reasons for combining or not combining herbs in formulas

A
  1. Mutual accentuation: “combining 2 or more substances” with similar actions to accentuate and strengthen those actions
  2. Mutual enhancement: “ with different actions in which one enhances the effect of another in specific clinical situations
  3. Mutual counteraction: one substance’s toxicity or side effects are relieved by another
  4. Mutual suppression: one substance reduces the side effects of another
  5. Mutual antagonism: ability of 2 substances to reduce or neutralize each other’s positive effects
  6. Mutual incompatibility: combo of 2 substances gives rise to side effects or toxicity
  7. Single effect: using a single herb to treat a patient
32
Q

(Relationship of Formulas to Strategies)

What are important word to remember when writing a formula for a patient?

A

The formula is derived from the strategy, and the strategy arises from the pattern.

33
Q

(Normal and Contrary Treatment)

Normal Treatment

A
  • involves using strategies and substances that are contrary or antagonistic to the disease process
    ie: using cold herbs to treat a hot disease; using purging or moving herbs to treat disease characterized by stagnation, etc.
34
Q

(Normal and Contrary Treatment)

Contrary Treatment

A
  • is of 2 types (in herbal medicine)
  • the first involves using a formula whose nature appears similar to that of the disease
  • usually done when the appearance of the disease is false as in false heat or false cold in which cases you treat the appearance of heat with hot herbs or the appearance of cold with cold herbs
  • this is also the case with extreme levels of excess or deficiency, each of which can look like the other when they are at their extremes
35
Q

(Normal and Contrary Treatment)

The other type of contrary treatment

A
  • doesn’t involve false or misleading symptoms but is a true departure from the norm of antagonistic treatment
  • for instance, obstruction is usually treated with moving herbs but if it is due to underlying deficiency, it can best be treated with tonifying herbs
  • usually in cases of diarrhea one would want to stabilize and bind the leakage but if it is due to a pathogenic invader, one would purge first instead
  • bleeding due to blood stagnation is treated with blood moving herbs, which will stop the bleeding
36
Q

General Treatment Strategies:

A
  1. Normal and Contrary Treatment
  2. Different Treatments for the Same Disease; Same Treatments for Different Diseases
  3. Treating Disease According to the Season, Environment, and Individual
37
Q

The 8 Therapeutic Methods (ba fa)

A
  • developed during the Qing dynasty and remain as the foundation for all current TCM herbal strategies

Sweating

Vomiting

Draining Downward

Harmonizing

Warming

Clearing

Reducing

Tonifying

38
Q

Sweating

A
  • acrid and warming to release the exterior
  • acrid and cooling to release the exterior

* benefit qi and release the exterior

* warm the yang and release exterior

* nourish the yin and release exterior

* drive out fluids and release the exterior

* release the exterior and cool the interior

39
Q

Vomiting

A
  • induce vomiting to reduce phlegm
40
Q

Draining Downward

A
  • purge heat accumulation
  • warm the yang and guide out accumulation
  • moisten the intestines and unblock the bowels
  • drive out excess water

* simultaneously purge and tonify

* invigorate the blood and drain downward

41
Q

Harmonizing

A
  • harmonize the shaoyang
  • vent the membrane source
  • harmonize the liver and spleen
  • regulate the stomach and intestines

* harmonize and release

* harmonize and purge

42
Q

Warming

A
  • warm the channels and disperse cold
  • warm the middle and dispel cold
  • restore and revive the yang

* warm the yang and guide out accumulation

* warm and transform cold phlegm

* warm and transform water and dampness

43
Q

Clearing

A
  • clear heat from the qi level
  • clear the nutritive level and cool the blood
  • clear heat and relieve toxicity
  • clear heat from the organs

* clear heat and augment the fluids

* clear heat and benefit the qi

* clear heat and enrich the yin

44
Q

Reducing

A
  • eliminate food stagnation
  • reduce accumulation
  • transform phlegm
  • eliminate childhood nutritional impairment
  • kill parasites
  • reduce sores and disperse abscesses

* reduce stagnation and drain downward

* simultaneously reduce and Tonify

45
Q

Tonifying

A
  • tonify the qi
  • nourish the blood
  • tonify the yang
  • enrich the yin

* tonify qi, blood, yin, or yang and release the exterior

* support the normal and purge

* enrich the yin and moisten dryness

* tonify the qi and invigorate the blood

HERBS (5 decks)

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