A and P Exam 1 Flashcards
dense tissue appears what color on xray
light
X ray without overlap
CT scan
3D CT scan (can be rotated on any axis)
DSR Scan
allows us to see if blood vessels are working properly
DSA
looking at metabolic activities
PET Scan
breaking things down
catabolism
building proteins
anabolism
incorporates force of gravity
weight
substances that cannot be decomposed into smaller substances
elements
6 most common elements
O,C,N,P,Ca, and H.
form to shape of their container
liquids
example of chemical bonds
stored energy in glycogen or fat molecules
how do we take energy out?
by breaking bonds
muscle contractions use what type of energy
electrical
when we move what type of energy do we use
mechanical
what are elements composed of
atoms
number of protons=
atomic number
atomic mass=
number of protons + number of neutrons
combination of two or more atoms from a chemical reaction
molecule
substance that can be broken down into two or more others by chemical means
compound
bonding where a transfer of electrons occurs
Ionic
what are ions in our body called
electrolytes
which are more stable….ionic or covalent
covalent
what type of bonding holds DNA together
Hydrogen bonding
temporarily attractive force
Hydrogen bonding
between which molecules can hydrogen bonding occur
H and O or H and N
putting two glucose molecules together to form maltose would be what type of chemical reaction
synthesis
reaction that releases energy
exergonic
reactants have more energy than products
exergonic
is an exergonic reaction anabolic or catabolic
catabolic
does oxidation or reduction occur during an exergonic reaction
oxidation
products at a higher energy level
endergonic
are endergonic reactions anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
does oxidation or reduction occur during an endergonic reaction
reduction
collision energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur
activation energy
are small or large things more reactive?
small
most common inorganic compound
water
why do organic molecules not dissociate
because they have covalent bonds
water is said to have a ______which means it is very resistant to change in temperature
high heat capacity
adding water to break bonds=
hydrolysis
removing water
condensation
example of water acting as a cushion
synovial joints, heart having a sac around it
Are salt organic or inorganic
inorganic
anything that reduces the H+ concentration
bases
adding acid or a base….get water and a salt
neutralization
something that resists pH change in the first place by either accepting or donating H+ ions
buffer
1-2% of the mass of a cell
carbs
breaking apart the bonds of what makes ATP?
carbs
what do trigs consist of
a glycerol and a fatty acid
fat that does not have any double bonds
saturated fat
fat that has one double bond
unsaturated fat
animal product
saturated fat
incr risk of heat disease
saturated fat
are saturated or unsaturated fats better for you
unsaturated
no effect on cholesterol
unsaturated
reduce cholestrol
polyunsaturated fat
oil that has been solidified by adding Hydrogen ions at the sites of the double bonds
Trans fats
reduce the incidence of heart disease
Omega 3 fatty acids
phospholipids contain what
1 phosphate, 2 fatty acids, and 1 glycerol.
important in creating plasma membranes
phospholipids
local signaling molecules.
Eicosanoid
example of an eicosanoid
prostaglandin
make up 10-30% of the cell mass
proteins
how do amino acids get linked together?
thru peptide bonds
hemoglobin is what structure of protein
quartenary
get active sites on this type of protein structure
tertiary
collagen is what type of protein
structural or fibrous
protein in muscle
contractile
hemoglobin is what type of protein
transport
hormones are what type of protein
regulatory
largest molecules in the body
nucleic acids
adenine and guanine are what
purines
cytosine, thymine, and uracil are what
pyrimadines
what is cell theory
action depends on activity of individual cells, cells have smaller components, and cells come from cells
most of plasma membranes biomass
phospholipid bilayer
proteins that go on both sides of the plasma membrane
integral proteins
proteins found on only one side of the plasma membrane
peripheral proteins
how thick is the plasma membrane?
7-10nm
what are the functions of the plasma membrane?
separate cells from external environment, facilitate contanct with other cells, provide receptor sites, and control flow into and out of the cell
going against the concentration gradient…requires energy from the cell
active transport
diffusion that involves a channel or carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
what are the 3 factors that affect the rate of facilitated diffusion
pickup speed, concentration, and number of proteins present
how is osmosis regulated
by solute concentration and osmotic pressure
passive diffusion that uses a pressure gradient
filtration
communicating junctions
gap junctions
anchoring junctions
desmosomes
where the ribosomes get assembled
Nucleoli
produces integral proteins and phospholipids
Rough ER
metabolizes lipids, produces sterioid hormones, center of detoxification, and a site of breakdown of glycogen
Smooth ER
modiefies, concentrates, and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
contain enzymes that can breakdown molecules
lysosomes
contain enzymes that function to help us convert free radicals.
peroxisomes
distribute organelles within the cell
microtubule
very thin strands that strengthen the cell surface and allow the plasma membrane to change shape.
microfilaments
tough insoluble fibers. make the cell strong
intermediate filaments
things inside the cytoplasm
inclusions
anchoring point for microtubules
centrosomes/centrioles
what phase of interphase does protein synthesis occur
G1
what phase of interphase is DNA replicated
S
what phase of interphase does the completion of centriole formation occur
G2
genetic variability is introduced during what part of meiosis
Reduction division
natural accumulation of what protein tells the cell to start producing DNA
Cyclins
cell cannot leave interphase till it accumulates enough of what protein
MPF
cancer of epithelial tissue
carcinoma
tumor of the underlying connective tissue
sarcoma
tumor in the bone
myeloma
denatures tissue
hyperthermia
DNA making rRNA=
transcription
rRNA making proteins=
translation
reads the message of nucleic acids and translates them into amino acids
tRNA
makes proteins
rRNA
brings the code that brings in specific amino acids
mRNA
