A and P, chemistry exam 1 Flashcards
Abdominal Cavity(superior)
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.
Anatomical Position
The body is erect with feet slightly apart like standing at attention with palms facing forward and thumbs point away from body
Anatomy
Is what you can see! Very concrete. Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Anion
Aquires a net negative charge. Have gained 1 or more electrons.
Anterior(ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body, in front of →
Atom
Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. more or less building blocks.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom.
ATP
! of 3 major Nucleic Acids. Energy source for body
Blood PH
The measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of solution, Normal blood Ph in body is between 7.35-7.45. Can tell how long you have been dead and what action to take deopending on how low it is. if goes above or beloe death will occur.
Buffers
Systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the Ph of body fluids. Huge deal maintaining Homeostasis.
Cardiovascular System
Includes heart and blood vessels, pumps heart blood, blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Carbohydrates
Energy simple and complex. Gives energy but goes away quickly. Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. includes starches, sugars, and cellulose.
Catabolism
Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances.
Cation
An ion with a positive charge-have lost 1 or more electrons
Cephalic
face
CH4
non-polar molecule. Carbon, hydrogen
Chemical Energy
energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
Chemicals in Human Body
Collagen
Found in all conective tissues, is the single most abundant protein in the body. It is responsible for the tensile strength of bones, tendons, and ligaments.
Colloid(emulsions)
Sollute particles are larger than its solution and scatter light, do not settle out. Cant see though but think you should. EX- Plasma
Compounds
Substance composed of 2 or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united. 2 or more different kind of atoms bind, they form milecules of a compound. Ex- C+H+H+H+H=CH4 (METHANE GAS)
Control Center
Homeostatic control- Receptor is a trype of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending info (input) to the second somponent, the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the comtrol center slong the so called afferent pathway. Control center determines the set point, which is the level or range a cariable is to be maintained.
Covalent Bond
Electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common for both atoms- sharing of these eletrons produces molecules.
Craniel Cavity
In the skull, encases the brain. The only one totally protected by bone.
Cytology
Study of cells
Deep(internal)
Away from the body surface, more internal. Ex-the lungs are deep to the skin.
Definition of cells, tissues, organs.
Cells are structural unit of all livings things. Tissue consists of simular types of cells. Primary types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs are made up of different types of tissues-at least 2.
Digestive System
Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus, liver.
Breaks down food into absorbable units to enter blood
eliminates indigestive food and feces.
Dispole(polar-molecule)
Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
Distal
Farther away from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure.
Ex- The knee is distal to the thigh
Dorsal Cavities(posterior)
Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions
A. cranial: in the skull, encases the brain
B. Vertbral(spinal) Encloses the delicate spinal cord.
Effector
Provides the means for the control centers response(output) to the stimulus. The results of the response then feedback to influence the efeect the stimulus, wither reducing ir (negative feedback) so that the whole control process is shut off, or enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate.
Electrical Energy
Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes. Ex- nervous system, heart, muscle.
Electrons(e-)
Negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of a proton.
Elements
Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.
Elements in the Human Body
Carbon(C), Oxygen(O), Hydrogen(H), Nitorgen(N)
Embryological Anatomy
Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Endergonic Reactions
Energy absorbing, contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants.
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells, Ex- ovary, testes, pancreas, thyroid glands, adrenal gland
Energy
The capacity to do work; may be stored (potentail energy) or in action (kinetic energy).
Enzymes
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.
Exergonic Reactions
Chemical reaction that releases energy, a catabolic or oxidative reaction.
Feedback Systems
Negative and positive feedbacks. Negative feedback reduces or shutoff its intensity. ex- a heating system. Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. ex- labor and blood clotting.
Frontal Cut
Divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Functional Characteristics
Boundray maintanace-internal environmant remains distinct from external environment.
Movement- locomotion, and contractiblity
Responsiveness(irritability) ability to sense changes in the environment amd respond to them.
Digestion breakdown of ingested food
Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Excretion- removal of wastes
Reproduction-cellular
Growth
Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy
What you can see and feel. Is the study of large body structuresvisible to the naked eye, such as heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Growth
Is an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole. it is usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells.
Histological Anatomy
The study of tissues
Histology
Study of tissues
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world ex- like maintaining a teter toter.
Hydrogen Bond
Too weak to bond atoms together, common dipoles such as water, responsible for surface tension in water, important as intramolecular bonds giving the molecule a 3 dimensional shape. Proteins and DNA have numerous hydrogen bonds that help maintain and stabalize their structures.
Imbalance of Homeostasis
Its disturbances in the body. as we age our bodys control systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less and less stable. These events increse our risk for illness and produce changes we associate with aging. Ex- heart failure, disease
Immune System
A functional system whose components attack a foreign substances or prevent their enrty into the body.
Ionic Bond
Ionic bond formed by electron transfer between atoms.
Ions
Atom or molecule with a positive or negative electric charge.
Irritability
Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
Isotopes
An element having the same atomic number , but differing in the mass number due to the number of neutron contained within the nucleus. Ex- oxygen- 16 (8p, 8n) Oxygen-17 (8p, 9n) Oxygen- 18 ( 8p, 10n) Atoms with same # of protons but a differnt # of nuetrons.
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion or movement, the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body.
Lipids
Organic compund formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: Ex- are fats and cholesterol.
Matter
Anything that accupies space and has a mass. With the exceptions it can be seen, smelled, and felt. It exists in solids, liquids, and gaseous states. Ex in body- solids like bones and teeth. Liquids such as bloodplasma. gases have neither shape or a volume like the others.
Mechanical Energy
is energy directly involved in moving matter. when you ride a bike, your legs provide this energy to move the pedals.
Mediastinum
The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, and trachea
Microscopic Anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen the naked eye.
Mixture
Are subtances composed of 2 or more components physically intermixed, 3 basic types of these are solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
Molecules
A combination of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Ex- N+N=N2
Negative Feedback
The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net affect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
Neutron(n)
Are neutral, have no charge.
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Are electrically balanced and equal sharing of electrons
Ex-carbon dioxide-o=c=o
Oblique Cut
A cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body or organ.
Organic compounds
Any compound composed of atoms (some which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds.
Organization of Body
The levels of structural organization of the body, from simplest to most complex, are:chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and oraganismal.
The 11 organ systems of the are the integumenatary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Organs in various cavities
Stomach, nervous system, liver,brain, blood vessel
Organs of Urinary System
Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
Parietal Pleural
Lines of the wall of the Thoracic Cavity.
PH
The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Physiology
Study of the function of living organisms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
unequal electron sharing. Ex- H2O
Positive Feedback
the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. Ex- labor and blood clotting
Potentail Energy
Stored or inactive energy
Proteins
Organic Compound composed of carbon,oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types that include enzymes, structural components, 10-30% of cell mass.
Proton(p+)
bear a positive electrical charge-located in the atomic nucleus
proximal
Closer to the attached end of a limb or origin of a structure.
Ex- The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Radiant Energy
Is energy that travels in waves.These waves which vary in length, are collectively called the electromagnetic spectrum. They include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet waves, and xrays.
Receptor
A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to repond to particular types of stimuli. Ex- hands touching a hot stove-receptor are fingers.
Redox Reaction
A reaction that couples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of 1 substance with the reduction (gain of electron) of another substance.
Responsiveness(excitability)
the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.
RNA
1 of the 3 major nucleic acids. Nucleic acid to interpret the DNA meaning.
Sagital Cut
Is vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
Salts
inorganic coupounds. Reactions between acids and bases and most are ionic.
Are electrolytes- they conduct electrical currents contains cations.
Serous Membranes(serosa)
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfacesof the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double layered membrane.
ventral body cavity-thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Includes digestive, urinary, bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum. diaphragm, heart and lungs.
Sodium
Known as an ion (Na+) is the major positive ion found in extracellular fluids(fluids outside the cells). Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.
Solution
Mixture types. are homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light. Ex- mineral water
Solvent
The substance present in the greatest amount. usually liquids-water.
Speed of chemical reactions
chemical reactions occur only when particles collide and valence shell electrons interact. The smaller the reacting particles, the great the kinetic energy and the faster the reaction rate. Higher the temp. or reactant concentration, as as the presence of catalysts, increases chemical reaction rates.
Steroids in Human Body
Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenocortical hormones.
Superficial
Located close to or on the body surface.
Superior
Toward the head or upper regions.
Survival needs
To maintain life includes nutrients(food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temp. and atmospheric pressure.
Suspension
Solute particles are very large. settle out, and may scatter light. Ex- blood, water + oil, water + vinegar, amoxicillin. you have shake all these because they settle out.
Synovial
Are joint cavities. They are enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely moving joints of the body(such as elbow and knee joints). The membrane lining this cavity secret lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another.
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea. Its surrounded by the ribs and muscles ofthe chest.
Transverse Cut
Runs horizontally, from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts.
Types of Tissues
Four basic types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous system.
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Eleminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolytes, and ph balance of blood.
Variable
Regardless of the factor or event being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least 3 components that work together, Receptor, control center, and effector.
Water
Is a universal solvent of human body
Is the basic transporter of human body
Stable liquid. Takes alot of energy to change it. Ex- heat, ice, steam.
Is a natural lubricant of the body
Work of Bones
Protects and supports body organs, and provides framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are fromed within bones. Bones store minerals.
