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anatomy and physiology and chemistry > A and P, chemistry exam 1 > Flashcards

A and P, chemistry exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominal Cavity(superior)

A

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.

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2
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The body is erect with feet slightly apart like standing at attention with palms facing forward and thumbs point away from body

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Is what you can see! Very concrete. Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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4
Q

Anion

A

Aquires a net negative charge. Have gained 1 or more electrons.

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5
Q

Anterior(ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body, in front of →

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. more or less building blocks.

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom.

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8
Q

ATP

A

! of 3 major Nucleic Acids. Energy source for body

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9
Q

Blood PH

A

The measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of solution, Normal blood Ph in body is between 7.35-7.45. Can tell how long you have been dead and what action to take deopending on how low it is. if goes above or beloe death will occur.

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10
Q

Buffers

A

Systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the Ph of body fluids. Huge deal maintaining Homeostasis.

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11
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Includes heart and blood vessels, pumps heart blood, blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy simple and complex. Gives energy but goes away quickly. Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. includes starches, sugars, and cellulose.

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13
Q

Catabolism

A

Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances.

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14
Q

Cation

A

An ion with a positive charge-have lost 1 or more electrons

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15
Q

Cephalic

A

face

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16
Q

CH4

A

non-polar molecule. Carbon, hydrogen

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17
Q

Chemical Energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

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18
Q

Chemicals in Human Body

A
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19
Q

Collagen

A

Found in all conective tissues, is the single most abundant protein in the body. It is responsible for the tensile strength of bones, tendons, and ligaments.

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20
Q

Colloid(emulsions)

A

Sollute particles are larger than its solution and scatter light, do not settle out. Cant see though but think you should. EX- Plasma

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21
Q

Compounds

A

Substance composed of 2 or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united. 2 or more different kind of atoms bind, they form milecules of a compound. Ex- C+H+H+H+H=CH4 (METHANE GAS)

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22
Q

Control Center

A

Homeostatic control- Receptor is a trype of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending info (input) to the second somponent, the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the comtrol center slong the so called afferent pathway. Control center determines the set point, which is the level or range a cariable is to be maintained.

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23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Electron sharing produces molecules in which the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common for both atoms- sharing of these eletrons produces molecules.

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24
Q

Craniel Cavity

A

In the skull, encases the brain. The only one totally protected by bone.

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25
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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26
Q

Deep(internal)

A

Away from the body surface, more internal. Ex-the lungs are deep to the skin.

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27
Q

Definition of cells, tissues, organs.

A

Cells are structural unit of all livings things. Tissue consists of simular types of cells. Primary types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Organs are made up of different types of tissues-at least 2.

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28
Q

Digestive System

A

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus, liver.

Breaks down food into absorbable units to enter blood

eliminates indigestive food and feces.

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29
Q

Dispole(polar-molecule)

A

Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms

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30
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure.

Ex- The knee is distal to the thigh

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31
Q

Dorsal Cavities(posterior)

A

Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

A. cranial: in the skull, encases the brain

B. Vertbral(spinal) Encloses the delicate spinal cord.

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32
Q

Effector

A

Provides the means for the control centers response(output) to the stimulus. The results of the response then feedback to influence the efeect the stimulus, wither reducing ir (negative feedback) so that the whole control process is shut off, or enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the whole process continues at an even faster rate.

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33
Q

Electrical Energy

A

Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes. Ex- nervous system, heart, muscle.

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34
Q

Electrons(e-)

A

Negative charge equal in strength to the positive charge of a proton.

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35
Q

Elements

A

Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

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36
Q

Elements in the Human Body

A

Carbon(C), Oxygen(O), Hydrogen(H), Nitorgen(N)

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37
Q

Embryological Anatomy

A

Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

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38
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Energy absorbing, contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants.

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39
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells, Ex- ovary, testes, pancreas, thyroid glands, adrenal gland

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40
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work; may be stored (potentail energy) or in action (kinetic energy).

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41
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.

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42
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Chemical reaction that releases energy, a catabolic or oxidative reaction.

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43
Q

Feedback Systems

A

Negative and positive feedbacks. Negative feedback reduces or shutoff its intensity. ex- a heating system. Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. ex- labor and blood clotting.

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44
Q

Frontal Cut

A

Divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.

45
Q

Functional Characteristics

A

Boundray maintanace-internal environmant remains distinct from external environment.

Movement- locomotion, and contractiblity

Responsiveness(irritability) ability to sense changes in the environment amd respond to them.

Digestion breakdown of ingested food

Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Excretion- removal of wastes

Reproduction-cellular

Growth

46
Q

Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

A

What you can see and feel. Is the study of large body structuresvisible to the naked eye, such as heart, lungs, and kidneys.

47
Q

Growth

A

Is an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole. it is usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells.

48
Q

Histological Anatomy

A

The study of tissues

49
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

50
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world ex- like maintaining a teter toter.

51
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Too weak to bond atoms together, common dipoles such as water, responsible for surface tension in water, important as intramolecular bonds giving the molecule a 3 dimensional shape. Proteins and DNA have numerous hydrogen bonds that help maintain and stabalize their structures.

52
Q

Imbalance of Homeostasis

A

Its disturbances in the body. as we age our bodys control systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less and less stable. These events increse our risk for illness and produce changes we associate with aging. Ex- heart failure, disease

53
Q

Immune System

A

A functional system whose components attack a foreign substances or prevent their enrty into the body.

54
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Ionic bond formed by electron transfer between atoms.

55
Q

Ions

A

Atom or molecule with a positive or negative electric charge.

56
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

57
Q

Isotopes

A

An element having the same atomic number , but differing in the mass number due to the number of neutron contained within the nucleus. Ex- oxygen- 16 (8p, 8n) Oxygen-17 (8p, 9n) Oxygen- 18 ( 8p, 10n) Atoms with same # of protons but a differnt # of nuetrons.

58
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion or movement, the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.

59
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body.

60
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compund formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: Ex- are fats and cholesterol.

61
Q

Matter

A

Anything that accupies space and has a mass. With the exceptions it can be seen, smelled, and felt. It exists in solids, liquids, and gaseous states. Ex in body- solids like bones and teeth. Liquids such as bloodplasma. gases have neither shape or a volume like the others.

62
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

is energy directly involved in moving matter. when you ride a bike, your legs provide this energy to move the pedals.

63
Q

Mediastinum

A

The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, and trachea

64
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Deals with structures too small to be seen the naked eye.

65
Q

Mixture

A

Are subtances composed of 2 or more components physically intermixed, 3 basic types of these are solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

66
Q

Molecules

A

A combination of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Ex- N+N=N2

67
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net affect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

68
Q

Neutron(n)

A

Are neutral, have no charge.

69
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Are electrically balanced and equal sharing of electrons

Ex-carbon dioxide-o=c=o

70
Q

Oblique Cut

A

A cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body or organ.

71
Q

Organic compounds

A

Any compound composed of atoms (some which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds.

72
Q

Organization of Body

A

The levels of structural organization of the body, from simplest to most complex, are:chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and oraganismal.

The 11 organ systems of the are the integumenatary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

73
Q

Organs in various cavities

A

Stomach, nervous system, liver,brain, blood vessel

74
Q

Organs of Urinary System

A

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

75
Q

Parietal Pleural

A

Lines of the wall of the Thoracic Cavity.

76
Q

PH

A

The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

77
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the function of living organisms.

78
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

unequal electron sharing. Ex- H2O

79
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. Ex- labor and blood clotting

80
Q

Potentail Energy

A

Stored or inactive energy

81
Q

Proteins

A

Organic Compound composed of carbon,oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types that include enzymes, structural components, 10-30% of cell mass.

82
Q

Proton(p+)

A

bear a positive electrical charge-located in the atomic nucleus

83
Q

proximal

A

Closer to the attached end of a limb or origin of a structure.

Ex- The elbow is proximal to the wrist

84
Q

Radiant Energy

A

Is energy that travels in waves.These waves which vary in length, are collectively called the electromagnetic spectrum. They include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet waves, and xrays.

85
Q

Receptor

A

A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to repond to particular types of stimuli. Ex- hands touching a hot stove-receptor are fingers.

86
Q

Redox Reaction

A

A reaction that couples the oxidation (loss of electrons) of 1 substance with the reduction (gain of electron) of another substance.

87
Q

Responsiveness(excitability)

A

the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.

88
Q

RNA

A

1 of the 3 major nucleic acids. Nucleic acid to interpret the DNA meaning.

89
Q

Sagital Cut

A

Is vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

90
Q

Salts

A

inorganic coupounds. Reactions between acids and bases and most are ionic.

Are electrolytes- they conduct electrical currents contains cations.

91
Q

Serous Membranes(serosa)

A

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfacesof the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double layered membrane.

ventral body cavity-thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Includes digestive, urinary, bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum. diaphragm, heart and lungs.

92
Q

Sodium

A

Known as an ion (Na+) is the major positive ion found in extracellular fluids(fluids outside the cells). Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.

93
Q

Solution

A

Mixture types. are homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light. Ex- mineral water

94
Q

Solvent

A

The substance present in the greatest amount. usually liquids-water.

95
Q

Speed of chemical reactions

A

chemical reactions occur only when particles collide and valence shell electrons interact. The smaller the reacting particles, the great the kinetic energy and the faster the reaction rate. Higher the temp. or reactant concentration, as as the presence of catalysts, increases chemical reaction rates.

96
Q

Steroids in Human Body

A

Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenocortical hormones.

97
Q

Superficial

A

Located close to or on the body surface.

98
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or upper regions.

99
Q

Survival needs

A

To maintain life includes nutrients(food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temp. and atmospheric pressure.

100
Q

Suspension

A

Solute particles are very large. settle out, and may scatter light. Ex- blood, water + oil, water + vinegar, amoxicillin. you have shake all these because they settle out.

101
Q

Synovial

A

Are joint cavities. They are enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely moving joints of the body(such as elbow and knee joints). The membrane lining this cavity secret lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another.

102
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea. Its surrounded by the ribs and muscles ofthe chest.

103
Q

Transverse Cut

A

Runs horizontally, from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts.

104
Q

Types of Tissues

A

Four basic types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous system.

105
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Eleminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

Regulates water, electrolytes, and ph balance of blood.

106
Q

Variable

A

Regardless of the factor or event being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least 3 components that work together, Receptor, control center, and effector.

107
Q

Water

A

Is a universal solvent of human body

Is the basic transporter of human body

Stable liquid. Takes alot of energy to change it. Ex- heat, ice, steam.

Is a natural lubricant of the body

108
Q

Work of Bones

A

Protects and supports body organs, and provides framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are fromed within bones. Bones store minerals.

anatomy and physiology and chemistry (1 decks)

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