A

Question 1

Freeman (2007)

Answer 1

Schizophrenia- symptom assessment using VR

Participants take a walk in a standardised train scene in the VR.

Question 2

Gottesman & Shields (1972)

Answer 2

Schizophrenia- Genetic explanation

Twin study (MZ and DZ)
24 pairs of MZ, 33 parks of DZ (57 pairs total)
Schizophrenic concordance rate in MZ-50%, DZ-9%

Question 3

Frith (1992)

Answer 3

Schizophrenia- Cognitive explanation

Fails to recognise hallucination as their own voice; memory and attention difficulty;
lacks theory of mind (negative symptoms- flatten affect, lack of speech and social withdrawal)

Question 4

Paul & Lentz (1977)

Answer 4

Schizophrenia- Token economy treatment (behavioural)

Operant conditioning
give token (reward) when appropriate behaviours carried out (e.g. self-care, attending therapy and social engagement). Token can be used to change for clothes, cigarets, sweets, TV use etc. 

84 participants (from psychiatric institutions)
97% token economy group able to live independently after 4.5 year study; hospital group 45%, milieu group 71%

Question 5

Sensky (2000)

Answer 5

Schizophrenia- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Talking therapy; recognise abnormal thoughts, understand they are wrong and establish new behaviour.

90 participants, age 16-60
Both CBT and debriefing group showed significant decrease in positive and negative symptoms
In follow-up, CBT continued show decrease in symptoms and debriefing did not

Question 6

BDI

Answer 6

Beck depression inventory

Assesses attitudes and symptoms of depression
Basing on past 2 weeks
21 items (each with 4 statements from score 0-4)
Higher the score the more depressed

Question 7

Beck (1979) explanation

Answer 7

Depression- Cognitive explanation

Irrational thinking caused by incorrect information precessing
Caused by earlier life experiences and development of schemas

Triad of depression: Negative view on world → Negative view on future → Negative view on themselves

Question 8

Seligam (1988)

Answer 8

Depression- Learned helplessness and attribution style explanation

Having to endure unpleasant situations → thinks the situations are inescapable → cease to resist (becomes helpless)
Refer to Beck’s triad of depression: internal, global, stable

39 participants with depression, 12 with bipolar
Same hospital, mixed gender, mean age 36

Question 9

Ellis (1962)

Answer 9

Depression- Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT)

Individuals are affected by their own perception of external things
How we think about the experiences have greatest impact on emotion well-being and behaviours

Question 10

Griffiths (2005)

Answer 10

ICD- definition

Components of addictive behaviours:
Salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse

Question 11

K-SAS

Answer 11

Kleptomania symptom assessment scale

Measures impulses, thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to stealing
Past 1 week
11 items (with rating scales 0-4/5)
Higher score, higher severity of symptoms

Question 12

Grant (2008)

Answer 12

ICD- Biochemical treatment

Opiates

284 participants
equal split of gender
16 weeks of nalmefene, 18 weeks of naltroxone, placebo
Gambling disorder assessed with Y-BOCS (Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale)

Opiate group produced significant reduction in symptoms
Participants with family history of alcoholism and those received highest dose showed highest reduction
Opiate is more effective some gambling addicts than others

Question 13

BIPI

Answer 13

Blood injury phobia inventory

18 situations involving blood and injections
Each situation has cognitive, physiological and behavioural responses
Rate each response 0-3 frequency

Question 14

GAD-7

Answer 14

Generalised anxiety disorder 7

Screening questionnaire measures severity of anxiety; used for further referral to a psychiatrist
7 items
includes statements like ‘feeling nervous, anxious or on edge.’
each item scores from 0-3 frequency

Question 15

Watson and Rayner (1920)

Answer 15

Anxiety- Classical conditioning explanation (behavioural)

Individuals develop phobia for neutral stimuli because it is paired with frightening experiences.

Case study
11-month old infant (Little Albert)
Neutral stimuli: white rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, furry mask, non-furry mask etc
Unconditioned stimuli: metal bar struck with a loud noise
Unconditioned response: fear and crying
Conditioned stimuli: white rat
Conditioned response: fear, crying and avoidance for furry things.

Question 16

Freud (1909)

Answer 16

Anxiety- psychoanalytic explanation

Anxiety is caused by the conflict between id and superego.

Case study
5 year old Austrian boy (Little Hans)
Study conducted by his father

Question 17

Di Nardo (1988)

Answer 17

Anxiety- cognitive explanation

Cynophobia (dog phobia)
Female college students 18-21 year
14 dog fearful, 21 non dog fearful (37 in total)
Structured interview- obtain info about negative past experience with dogs
56% fearful had, 66% non fearful had

Question 18

Ost (1992)

Answer 18

Anxiety- biomedical/ genetic explanation

Blood phobia
81 blood phobics and 59 injection phobics
Screening interview, questionnaire on history of phobia, behavioural test (shown surgical videos)
Measured fainting (0-4), self-rated anxiety (0-10), blood pressure and heart rate
50% blood phobics and 27% injection phobics had first degree relative sharing same phobia

Question 19

Ost (1989)

Answer 19

Anxiety- applied tension treatment

Apply tension to muscles to increase blood pressure to prevent fainting

30 participants from same hospital with blood phobia
Conditions: applied tension, applied relaxation and combination of the 2
19 women, 11 men age between 18-60
Measured by self report and behavioural observation and physiological
73% across all group reported decrease in symptoms 6 months after treatment