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1
Q

Factors that influence a person’s attitude to be consistent

A

Knowledge
Personal relevance
Attitude accessibility
Intentions

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2
Q

Attitudes: intentions (theory of planned behavior)

A

Theory stating that the best predictor of behavior is one’s behavioral intention, which is influenced by one’s attitudes toward specific behavior, the subjects norms regarding the behavior, and one’s perceived control over the behavior

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3
Q

Persuasion: non-reactive measures

A

Measures that don’t change a subject’s responses while recording them

E.g. Cialdini and Baumann predicted an election based on the removal of flyers from windshields

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4
Q

Cognitive-response model

A

Theory that locates the main cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target

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5
Q

Persuasion: counter arguments

A

Arguments that challenge and oppose other arguments
E.g.
Authority:Dr Oz
Time: sales people will make sure you don’t have breaks so you won’t have time to think you’re wasting your time

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6
Q

Persuasion: inoculation procedure

A

Technique for increasing individuals resistance to an argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions of it

E.g. Marlboro ad- dead horse vs attractive person

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7
Q

Dual process model of persuasion

A

Model that accounts for two ways that attitude change occurs- with and without much though

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8
Q

Persuasion: elaboration-likelihood model

A

Peripheral route

Central route

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9
Q

Persuasion; elaboration-likelihood; central route

A

Focusing on the QUALITY of the message

Message recipients will consider a communication deeply when they have both

The motivation 
The ability
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10
Q

Persuasion; elaboration-likelihood model; peripheral route

A

Focusing on factors OTHER than the quality of the message

E.g. Communication status
Communicator attractiveness: are they up there because they’re qualified or because they’re attractive

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11
Q

Goals of persuasion

A

For individuals to hold a more accurate view of the world, be consistent with themselves, and gain social approval and acceptance

In other words, seek accuracy

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12
Q

Influencers on your accuracy judgement

A

Credibility of the communicator
Is the person an expert? Trustworthy?

Other’a responses (social proof)
Which side do people seem to be taking?

Ready ideas (availability)
   What side have I heard frequently or recently?
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13
Q

What affects the desire for accuracy?

A 
Issue involvement 
Mood
Done deals
Welcome or unwelcome 
Expertise and complexity
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14
Q

Desire for accuracy: issue involvement

A

Cognitive resources are too limited to think too deeply about every issue

People focus their accuracy concerns on issues that involve them directly

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15
Q

Desire for accuracy: mood

A

Persuaders will attempt manipulate your emotions in order to persuade

E.g. Sad moods motivate people to acquire accurate attitudes about the situation at hand. They can also warn you of potential danger of making errors in immediate environment

E.g. Sad adopt a dog commercial with sad music

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16
Q

Desire for accuracy: done deals

A

Desire to be unbiased and accurate is much stronger before a person makes a decision

After the decision, the accuracy motive fades in favor of the desire to feel good about the decision

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17
Q

Desire for accuracy: welcome or unwelcome information

A

People tend not to expend cognitive effort looking for flaws in an argument that supports their beliefs

Those who encounter information that doesn’t fit search for weaknesses they can use to form counter arguments

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18
Q

Desire for accuracy l: expertise and complexity

A

People rely on the expertise of a communicator principally when the message is highly complex

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19
Q

Consistent principle

A

The principle that people will change their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and actions to make them consistent with each other

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20
Q

Essential components of love

A

Passion
Intimacy
Commitment

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21
Q

Passionate love (infatuation)

A

A state of intense longing for union with another

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22
Q

Intimacy

A

Liking someone for who they are

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23
Q

Commitment

A

Empty love as Sternberg puts it

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24
Q

Compassionate love

A

Affection and tenderness for those whose lives are entwined with our own

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25
Q

Goals of Romaric relationships

A

Obtaining sexual satisfaction
Establishing family bonds
Gaining resources and social status

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26
Q

How often do we think about sex?

A

About every 5 minutes

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27
Q

Sociosexual orientaion

A

Individual differences in tendency to prefer either

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28
Q

Unrestricted sex

A

Sex without the necessity of love

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29
Q

Restricted six

A

Sex only in the context of a long-term, loving relationship

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30
Q

What is considered to be attractive?

A

High body symmetry

Women with low waists to hip ratios, lustrous, shinny hair, large eyes, small nose and chin

Men with masculine features, a large jaw and a medium sized nose, v shape torso

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31
Q

Why am I attracted to you?

A

You’re hot, I’m familiar with you, I know you well, similar to me, similar to someone else I like, you think I’m hot, I get excited around you

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32
Q

Outcomes of being attractive

A

Better grades, better social ratings, hire Salary, more influence, more assistance, less consequences

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33
Q

Halo effect

A

Common belief that attractive individuals posses a host of other positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

They are judged to be happier, more intelligent, more popular, nicer, wealthier, and more successful
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34
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The tendency for people to act in ways that bring about confirmation of a belief they already hold

Snyder & tanke - women who perceived as more attractive actually became more charming over the phone

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35
Q

Impact of attractiveness

A

Immediacy

Prestige

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36
Q

Proximity

A

People that you see or hangout with more than others, which leads to higher levels of attractiveness

Zajonc mirror exposure experiment was able to show this by exposing subjects to words and photos. Subjects that were shown 25 times vs 5 favored those words are photos more

College dorm experiment
Apartment social interactions

Mozart or Schoenberg rat experiment

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37
Q

Mirror images

A

We prefer mirror images (68% vs 32%) while others prefer photo images (61% vs 39%)

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38
Q

Evidence that similarity attracts

A

Burgess &a William
Higher match on characteristics

Murstein
Higher match on attractiveness

Response to email survey with people with similar names

People report liking and being more attracted to people who mirror their posture, mood, and verbal style

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39
Q

Do opposites attract?

A

Only for short term periods

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40
Q

Why being similar with your lover works

A

Similar others validate our beliefs l, facilitate smooth interactions, we expect similar others to like us, similar others have qualities we like

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41
Q

Transference

A

When our liking of a new person is increased because of a perceived similarity to someone who was important to us in the past

Freudian roots

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42
Q

Evidence that we’re attracted to people we use to like

A

Chen & Anderson
Session 1 - describe either a good or bad ex

Session 2 - rate description of a “new” person

“Hey you’re getting a new neighbor. Here’s what they’re like.”

Depending if they were told to list traits of a good or bad ex determined if they were going to like the description

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43
Q

Evidence on flattery

A

Drachman, deCarufel, & Insko

Men who were flattered that were asked for a favor were most likely to say yes

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44
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

When aroused, you can have the same feeling of love, anger, or fear. The circumstances of the situation determine your emotions.

Schachter &a Singer
Participants were injected with epinephrine. They were placed in a room with a happy or angry confederate. Subjects ended up feeling the same as the confederate.

Dutton &a Aron
Scary bridge experiment.

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45
Q

Problems with love and misattribution of arousal

A

People expecting shock don’t mistakenly attribute it to the attractive woman.

Fear causes heterosexual students to report more liking towards people of the same sex

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46
Q

Arousal facilitation theory

A

Arousal is a burst of energy that adds fuel to whatever fire is burning

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47
Q

Arousal settings

A

Obstacles to a love affair can produce arousal, which San sometimes fan the flames of love

Romeo and Juliet

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48
Q

Love through evolutionary psych

A

Differences in how males and females choose romantic partners should be predicted by the idea of parental investment

The more commitment in a relationship, the more intelligent a female prefers a male to be. Women will settle for an average intelligence for a first date. Expectations increase as commitment does

Men will settle for far less in sexual partners, but will want the same as women want in there men as commitment increases

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49
Q

Balance theory

A

Fritz Heider

Theory that says we want to agree with people we like, disagree with people we dislike, associate good things with good people, associate bad things with bad people

Rhoda and Mary on abortion

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50
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Leon Festinger

The unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one’s important attributes, beliefs, or behaviors

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51
Q

Counter-attitudinal action

A

Behavior that’s inconsistent with an existing attitude

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52
Q

Desire for consistency

A

Arousal

Individual preferences

Anticipated consequences

Salience

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53
Q

Affiliation motive

A

The desire to be near others and to have pleasant and affectionate interactions with them

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54
Q

Reinforcement-affect model

A

The theory that we like people we associate with positive feelings and dislike those we associate with negative feelings

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55
Q

Social exchange theory

A

We evaluate relationships based on the trading of benefits within the relationship

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56
Q

Goals of affiliation behavior

A

Getting social support

Getting information

Gaining status

Exchanging material benefits

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57
Q

Social support

A

The emotional, informational, or material assistance provided by other people in one’s social network

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58
Q

Health psychology

A

Study of behavioral and psychological factors that affect illness

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59
Q

Fight or flight men vs women

A

Men run or fight, but women “tend’

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60
Q

What effects do impersonal threats and social isolation have on social support?

A

They increase our motivation for social support

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61
Q

Stanley schachter’s affiliation experiments

A

Schachter was able to manipulate manipulate the subject’s love emotions into a different emotion such as fear. Fear and love have the same biological reactions

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62
Q

Why would we reject social support

A

When we feel we can’t reciprocate or there’s a potential of feeling embarrassed

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63
Q

Effects of social isolation

A

Depression

Loneliness

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64
Q

“Social isolation is the cruelest of tortures”

A

William James

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65
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional tie with another

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66
Q

Harry Harlow’s surrogate mother experiment

A

Wire monkey with milk vs cloth monkey

Baby monkey spent 90%of time with cloth monkey

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67
Q

Self-disclosure

A

The sharing of intimate info about oneself

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68
Q

Affiliation and social comparison correlation

A

Leon Festinger

“Our motivation to obtain info from others is partly driven by desire for accurate info”

Part of the attraction of getting info from similar others is the positivity bias

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69
Q

Social comparison and uncertainty correlation

A

Uncertainty increases the desire to make social comparisons

When we’re afraid, part of why we desire the company of others is to compare our own reactions with theirs

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70
Q

Gaining info and similarity correlation

A

When we’re uncertain, we prefer info from other similar others

But if the issue is highly important to us, we prefer affiliating with others who can give us accurate info, whether they are similar or not

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71
Q

Gender differences in friendship types

A

Men’s relationships are marked more by hierarchy and instrumentality

Women emphasize intimacy

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72
Q

Status by association

A

People often try to break social connections that could reflect poorly on them

The desire to form friendships with high status individuals is strong in status-oriented cultures

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73
Q

Dangers of seeking social status

A

Pursuing status motives in our relationships may reduce social support

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74
Q

Social exchange

A

The reading of benefits within relationships

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75
Q

Equity

A

State of affairs in which one person’s benefits and cots from a relationship are proportional to benefits and Cora incurred by partner

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76
Q

Common sharing

A

All group members share in the group’s resources as needed and depend on one another for mutual care

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77
Q

Authority ranking

A

Higher ranking individuals are entitled to loyalty, respect, and deference

Lower-ranking individuals are entitled to protection, advice, and leadership

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78
Q

Equality matching

A

No one gets more then others

People take turns, share equality, and reciprocate benefits

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79
Q

Market pricing

A

Individuals trade according to rational rules of self-interest, taking goods and services in proportion to what they put in, and seeking the best possible “deal”

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80
Q

Proximity-attraction principle

A

The tendency to become friends with those who live or work nearby

81
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The tendency to feel positively towards stimuli we have seen frequently

82
Q

Social capital

A

Assets that can be drawn from social networks

83
Q

Conformity

A

Changing one’s behavior to match the responses or actions of others

84
Q

Compliance

A

Changing one’s behavior in response to a direct request

85
Q

Obedience

A

Changing ones behavior in respect lose to a directive from an authority figure

86
Q

Asch’s conformity experiment

A

Which of these lines matches line A?

Experiment demonstrates that individuals will use social proof in order to be accepted even if they know what they’re doing is completely wrong

87
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

88
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

E.g. Asch’s conformity experiment p

Aka chameleon effect

89
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Increases compliance with large request by first getting compliance with smaller, related request

90
Q

Participant observation

A

Research approach in which he researcher infiltrates the setting of interest to examine it from within

91
Q

Stanley milgram’s obedience experiment

A

Shock test

Overall: 25% went to max shock levels

Original experiment: 65% went to max shock levels

92
Q

Goals of social influence

A

To choose correctly

Gain social approval

Be consistent with commitments

93
Q

Why do we have a goal for choosing correctly?

A

We have a motive for competence (to master our environments for rewards and resources)

94
Q

What do we do to help us make correct decisions?

A

We rely on authority figures and social proof

95
Q

Why do we rely on authority figures

A

They are suppose to be experts and their directions can provide shortcuts to choosing correctly

96
Q

Expert power

A

The capacity to influence that flows from ones presumed wisdom or knowledge

97
Q

Social dysfunction

A

When individuals start using social proof which leads to mass hysteria

Riots
People emptying bank accounts
Etc

98
Q

When are we likely to follow the behavior of others?

A

When there is a strong consensus among the others and are highly similar to us

E.g. Classrooms

Jim jones

Low authority nazi soldiers

Etc

99
Q

Robert S Baron, Joseph Vandello, and Bethany Brunsman experiment

A

Students were shown pictures of a criminal line up and were asked to choose one

Results showed that when participants were uncertain of their own judgments, motivation to be accurate increased conformity

When participants were certain, motivation to be accurate decreased conformity

100
Q

Goals of social influence

A

To choose correctly

To gain social approval

To be consistent with commitments

101
Q

Descriptive norms

A

Norms that define what behaviors are typically performed

E.g. Most college students dress casually for class

102
Q

Injunctive Norms

A

Norma that define what behaviors are typically approved or disapproved

E.g. It’s inappropriate to wear a bathing suit to most classes

103
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

Norm that requires that we repay others with the form of behavior they have given us

104
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Technique that used to get a large favor by requesting a small favor first

105
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

Making an initial offer, and then just before the target responds, enhancing the offer

The enhancement is designed to seem like a favor, and capitalize on reciprocity

E.g. Car sales man

106
Q

Who’s strong enough to resist strong group norms?

A

People who believe they have the ability to resist group norms and not identify with the group

107
Q

Low-ball technique

A

After making an active choice for something, people make “mental possession” of it and it becomes part of their self-concept

It is often easier to continue with the commitment than to change the self-concept

E.g. Customer agrees to a new car for $15,000, then sales man changes the terms of the agreement by giving the features that didn’t come with the agreement for a slightly higher price

108
Q

Bait and switch technique

A

Gets people to accept a deal they would have dismissed if it had been offered first. It works by getting people to make a commitment to a general course of action

E.g. Customer comes in for a specific item that was advertised, sales person tells them that a bad product and then introduces a “better” item but Cora more

109
Q

Labeling technique

A

When a label activates a favorable self-image. This motivates the person to act in ways that are consistent with that self-image

E.g. “Are you a generous person?” “Well than, can you contribute to Greenpeace?”

110
Q

Harnessing existing commitments technique

A

Marketers who create links between our personal values and their products will likely have us as long-term customers

Public commitments as well such as athletes on tv

111
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

Social rule that people should help those who are in need of assistance

112
Q

Bystander effect

A

The tendency of a bystander to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present

113
Q

Kitty Genoese story

A

Kitty Genoese was murdered and raped in a populated area of Queens NY and no one came to her aid even while she was screaming for help

Murder took over 30 minutes

38 witnesses and no one made a call to the police

First call Was made five minutes after she was dead

114
Q

What happens when a group of people interpret an incident as an emergency

A

People will not get involved and hold responsibility to the others around them

115
Q

“Smoke filled room” study

A

Conducted by Latane & Darley

Subjects were put in a room with other confederates. Smoke filled the room. When the confederates didn’t reacted, the subject did not react because of the bystander effect. When the subject was alone, he would call for help

Alone: 70%
With 2 other real subjects: 40%
With 2 real confederates: 10%

116
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

117
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

The phenomenon that occurs when bystanders to an emergency, trying to look poised, give misleading cues to others that no help is needed

118
Q

Why would people let themselves be a victim of the bystander effect?

A

Sometimes people assume help would be seen as an unwelcome intrusion

119
Q

“The epileptic seizure study”

A

One subject would be put in a booth by themselves and speak to other confederates who were believed to be in booths. One confederate would pretend to have a seizure.

This experiment showed that people will react to another emergency when they are by themselves (65%) with 2 other real subjects (40%) with two calm confederates (10%)

120
Q

When people assume help would be seen as an unwelcome intrusion is called

A

Unwanted help: diffusion of responsibility

121
Q

Shotland and Straw, 1976

A

When a woman fighting with a man shouted: “I don’t even know you!” - help was more likely than if she shouted

“I don’t know why I married you!”

122
Q

Darley and Baston

A

Good samaritan experiment
Experimenters told theology students from Princeton about “the good Samaritan” (story of a Good Samaritan helping someone in need).

There were 4 possible conditions

  • Good Samaritan talk in a hurry
  • Good Samaritan not in a hurry
  • neutral talk and in a hurry
  • neural talk and not in a hurry

Study showed that those who were in a hurry did not help a confederate that was in need of assistance.

123
Q

What to do if you are in need of help?

A

Be specific and make a lot of noise

Interpret what is the emergency

Assign someone else responsibility to help

124
Q

Reasons for prosocial behavior

A

Improving our basic welfare: gaining genetic and material benefits

Gaining social status and approval

Managing self-image

Managing our moods and emotions

125
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

The ability of one’s genes to survive in one’s own offspring AND in any relatives one helps

E.g. Helping a close relatives promotes the survival of those genes

126
Q

Michael Cunningham experiment

A

Michael Cunningham and his colleagues asked people whether they would be willing to help other people in different situations

127
Q

“Would you lend your car to your brother” study

A

Study showed that parents, siblings, children (70%) grandparents (60%) fist cousins ((45%) attractive stranger (10%)

128
Q

Reciprocal aid

A

Help that occurs in return for prior help

E.g. Other animals will help non-relatives if they live in close proximity and can better survive by sharing

E.g. People working for organizations who provide more benefits work harder for the firm

129
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone linked to masculine body development and behavior in a wide range of species

130
Q

Sex differences in aggression

A

Women generally have less testosterone than men

131
Q

Differences among the Sex-change

A

Women changing to men got testosterone injections- became more aggressive and sexual

Men changing to women for testosterone suppressants - became less aggressive and sexual

132
Q

Stephanie VanGoozen

A

Dutch psychologist that studies people undergoing sex change operations

133
Q

The catharsis hypothesis

A

“Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relives aggressive urges

134
Q

Social learning theory of aggression

A

Theory that aggressive behavior is learned through direct reward and observing others being rewarded for aggressiveness

135
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Conducted the “Bobo Doll” experiment where a bottoms weighted “Bobo” doll punched and kicked by adult in a video

136
Q

Aggression correlation with aggression in the media

A

Watching a lot of violent TV is correlated with more violent behavior towards peers

Experimental studies, in which violence is controlled, also find effects of watching violence

137
Q

Aggression correlation with violent video games

A

Playing violent video games is associated with a history of property distraction and hitting other students

College students randomly assigned to play a violent video game later had more aggressive thoughts and behaviors than those who played a nonviolent game

138
Q

Prejudice definition

A

A generalized attitude towards members is a social group

139
Q

Stereotype defines

A

A generalized belief about the expected behavior of members of a social group

140
Q

Purpose of stereotypes

A

To save time and brain power

141
Q

Explicit prejudice

A

Positive or negative feelings of which you are aware

142
Q

Implicit prejudice

A

Feelings of which you are not aware

143
Q

Implicit association test (IAT)

A

Feelings of which you are not aware of

144
Q

Race implicit association test

A

People associate people’s race as a way to assume whether the person is “good or bad”

E.g.
African American = bad

European American = bad

145
Q

Height with implicit association test

A

We perceive tall people as “good” people over shorter people

146
Q

Why do we have implicit prejudice?

READ: GUN GERMS AND STEAL

A

To promote survival

147
Q

Discrimination defenition

A

Behaviors directed toward others because of their group membership

148
Q

Direct and subtle discrimination examples

A

Ayres, 1991
White men were offered better deals on cars

World class trombonist Abbie Connant fought and won legal battles with the Munich Orchestra over sexual discrimination

White vs Black job applicants

149
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true

150
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by others about one’s group

151
Q

Stereotype threat examples

A

(Stone at al, 1999)
White men did worse on athletic tasks they thought tapped “natural ability.” But black men did worse if they thought it tapped “athletic intelligence”

White men did worse in math when they thought they were being compared to an Asian

152
Q

How to create prejudice in 5 easy steps

A

Create strong social identity (an in-group)

Create competition

Create frustration (and this aggression

Have the “right” disposition

Conform to the masses

153
Q

Muzafer sherif (1954)

A 
Robbers and Caves experiment 
Created prejudice in young boys through a competitive summer camp by...
1. Creating in-group bias 
2. Create competition 
3. Create frustration 
4. Authorization 
5. Conform to the masses
154
Q

In-group bias

A

Tendency to benefit members of one’s own groups over members of other groups

155
Q

Characteristics of the authoritarian personality

A
  1. Readily submit to authorities
  2. Mistreat those lower on the ladder
    3 are highly conventional
  3. Believe in punishing the unconventional
  4. View world in back-and-white terms
  5. Are prejudice towards socially rejected out-groups (such as homosexuals)
156
Q

How to stop prejudice

A

Reduce situations that allow for prejudice

Create cooperation between groups

157
Q

Ignorance hypothesis

A

Simply exposing people to different groups should reduce prejudice

158
Q

Group defined

A

Two or more people who influence each other

159
Q

Nature of groups

A

They’re independent
Share a common identity
Have a group structure

160
Q

First experiment in social psychology

A

Norman Triplett 1897
University of Indiana

Cyclists raced faster when competing against other people, rather thank a clock

161
Q

Social facilitation

A

Task performances improve only with simple or well-learned tasks but not tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

162
Q

When is social facilitation activated?

A

Presence of others

Physiological arousal

Dominant response

163
Q

Friendly crowds and social facilitation correlation

A

Friendly crowds enhance your performance

164
Q

Social loafing definition

A

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

165
Q

Limiting social loafing

A

Making personal efforts identifiable

Making the task meaningful and important

Making it clear that personal efforts will lead to a better group performance

Increasing the interpersonal cohesiveness of the group

Recruiting group members with collectivist orientations

166
Q

Shpperd’s Good Cause Gum Study

A

Participants were put into two groups: wrap as much bubblegum in 10 minutes worth no motivation, and wrap gun with the motivation that the gum is for military troops

The group with motivation eliminated social loafing

167
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

168
Q

Groupthink

A

A style of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among group members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and positions

Group think causes groups to lose the benefits of group discussion

169
Q

Symptoms of groupthink

A 
Illusion of invulnerability 
Inherent morality of the group
Rationalization
Stereotypes of outsiders 
Self-censorship
Direct pressure 
Mind guards 
Illusion of unanimity
170
Q

Avoiding groupthink

A

Open climate for discussion
Avoid insulation
Critical evaluators
Avoid being directive

171
Q

Examples of groupthink

A 
Pearl Harbor 
Bay of pigs
Space shuttle challenger
Cuban middle crisis 
War in Iraq?
172
Q

Aggression defined

A

Behavior intended to injure another

173
Q

Assertiveness defined

A

behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

174
Q

Types of aggression

A

Indirect
Direct
Emotional
Instrumental

175
Q

Indirect aggression defined and example

A

Attempt to hurt another without obvious face to face conflict

E.g. Spreading donors, cyber bulling, etc

176
Q

Direct aggression defined

A

Behavior intended to hurt someone to their face

E.g. Fist fight

177
Q

Emotional aggression defined

A

Hurtful behavior the stems from angry feelings

E.g. A child throws a temper

178
Q

Instrumental aggression defined and example

A

Hurting another to accomplish another non-aggressive goal

E.g. Mother spanks a child when misbehaving

179
Q

Gender differences in aggression

A

Girls tend to use more indirect aggression
Women are more prone to use physical aggression against partner

Men’s aggression is more likely to do harm

180
Q

Causes of aggression

A

Instinct

psychological influences

Learning

181
Q

Sigmund Freud’s theory on aggression

A

Human mans are aggressive because of their Thanatos drive

182
Q

Freud’s Libido drive

A

Creation
Growth
Creativity
Productivity

183
Q

Freud’s Thanatos drive

A

Also know as your death drive which is made up of…
Aggression
Destructive activities
Entropy

184
Q

Darwin’s theory on aggression

A

It is a matter of promoting your survival and reproducing

185
Q

Aggression and adaptive goals

A

A drive towards aggressiveness could only evolve if it increased the chances of survival or reproduction. A drive toward “blind aggression” would be maladaptive

186
Q

When are we aggressive?

A

Coping with feelings of annoyance
Trying to gain material and social rewards
Trying to gain or maintain social status
Protecting oneself or others

187
Q

Original frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior

188
Q

Revised frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

Theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings

189
Q

Who were the ones that conducted an experiment on aggression and violent video games?

A

Craig Anderson and Dill

190
Q

Excitation transfer theory

A

Theory that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states, and any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

191
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A

A group of personality characteristics, including time urgency and comprehensiveness

192
Q

Explanations on why we get frustrated

A

Excitation transfer theory

Type A behavior pattern

193
Q

Example of thwarted plans frustration

A

Your parents refuse to send money for your planned spring break ski vacation

194
Q

Example of environmental frustration

A

You’re stuck in a traffic jam and you’re late for class

195
Q

Berkowtiz 1993 experiment

A

Pain and cold water experiment
Students in one experiment were asked to place their hands in either painfully cold water or room temperature water, and then were asked to administrate a shock to someone

People who put their hands in the cold water were more likely to shock another person

196
Q

Factors that make us aggressive

A

Heat
Pain
Poverty
And other unpleasant experiences

197
Q

Hovland and Sears psychologists

A

Discovered that lynchings were highest during 1882-1930 when a recession followed a period of economic well-being

198
Q

Results of the milligram shock experiment (% of people who went to 450 volts)

A 
65 - original study
48 - different building 
40 - teacher with learner 
28- put hand on shock 
22- orders by phone 
20- ordinary man orders 
9- 2 teachers rebel
5- teacher chooses shock level

Social Psych Test 2 (1 decks)

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