A Flashcards
What is gluconeogenesis?
It is synthesis of glucose from the carbon residues of other compounds (generally amino acids but also glycerol by pyruvate and lactate).
What is the fate of glucose after absorption from the small intestine? List three.
- Energy source for cell metabolism.
- Forms glycogen for storage in the muscle and liver.
- Converted to triglycerides for later energy.
Why are some people lactose intolerant?
Because they lack an adequate amount of the enzyme lactase that splits lactose into glucose and galactose during digestion.
Why do lactose intolerant people get cramps and diarrhoea?
Because the intestinal lumen draws in large quantities of water due to the osmostic effect caused by the inability to split lactose molecule for absorption.
What is the chemical breakdown of starch known as?
Hydrolysis
Which starch is digested and absorbed rapidly?
Amylopectin
How does fibre aid gastrointestinal function? List three.
- Exerting a scraping motion on the cells of the gut wall.
- Binding or diluting harmful chemicals or inhibiting their activity.
- Shortening the transit time for food residues to pass through the digestive track.
Which fibre may moderately reduce serum cholesterol in Humans?
Water soluble. Found in oats, beans, brown rice, peas carrots corn husk and fruits.
What does the term glycogenolysis mean?
Creconversion process of glycogen to glucose.
Which hormones play a key role in regulating liver and muscle glycogen stores by controlling circulating blood sugar levels?
Glucagon and insulin, secreted from the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas respectively.
Why recommend adequate carbohydrate intake rather than an excess of protein to increase muscle mass through heavy resistance training?
Carbohydrates are the best source of energy for cells. If glycogen stores deplete glucose is synthesised from protein, particularly muscles protein. This could reduce lean tissue mass and add a solute load on the kidneys which must excrete the nitrogen-containing byproducts of protein catabolism.
How do you calculate the protein requirement for healthy individuals aged 18 to 65?
you multiply body mass in kilograms by .83
This includes a reserve of about 25% to account for individuals differences in the protein requirement for about 98% of the population.
By how much should pregnant women and nursing mothers increase their protein intake?
Pregnant women should increase total daily protein intake by 20 g and nursing mothers by 10 g.
How would you calculate the protein requirements for infants and growing children?
2 to 4 g per kilogram of body mass.
What factors usually increase protein requirements?
Stress, disease and injury.
