a 2.2 Flashcards
three main ideas of cell theory
1)all living things are made up of one or more cells
2)they are the basic functional units for life
3)new cells are produced from pre-existing ones
all cells have what 3 features
- surrounded by membrane
- have genetic material
- chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes
why are stains used in micropscophy
to visualise certain chemicals
measuring using an eyepeice
this is called graticule
it is a fixed scale on an eyepeice that must be calibrated tp stage micrometer
focusuing a microsscopes
- start on lowest lense
- start with specimin far away as possible
- use coarse knob to get it right
- use fine focusing know to sharpen
all peices of microscope
- nosepecie
- eyepeice
- objective lense
- turent
- condenser and diagghram
- lamp
- stage
image size
actual x magnification
maginification
image/actual
actual
image/magnification
1 metre x 1000
1000 mm
1 mm x 1000
1000 micrometre um
1 micrometer um x 1000
1000 nanometre
scale bar represents?
size before an image was enlarged
scale bars can be used to calculate
magnification
scale bars should represnt how much of full image
20%
steps tp using scale bar
measure in MM
convert to corect unit
insert to formula
scale bar formula
scale length = lentgh it shows x magnification
magnification = scale length/lentgh it shows
lentgh shown = scale / magnification
magnification
how many times biggger the image produced is than the actual object
resolution
the ability to distiguish between two structures that are very close to one another
light microscope resolution and megnification
0.25 um and x 500
electron microscope resolution and mag
0.002 um and x500000
electron microscopes can only observe what structures due to resolution
mitrochondria, chloroplast, nucelus
transmission electron microscope
a beam of electrons goes through a specimin
the desner the part it, absorbs more electrons
give high resolution images
alows internal structures to be observed
scanning electron microscopes
beam moves across specimin
they bounce off the surface
3d image is formed
lower resolution then TEM
light:
- small and easy
- no room vaccum needed
- not complicated sample
- up to x2000 mg
- 0.25 um resolution
- can be live or dead
electron
- large big set up
vaccum needed
- complicated sample
- x500000 mg
- 0.25 never mind
- must be dead
flurocent stains and immunoflouresecense
- antibodies get stained with a flurcent dye
- these are tagged
- connect with antigen
- we can observe the precence of thr tagged through light abosrbtoon and reemissio
freeze fracture
used to produce images of cell surface
put in liquid propane -190
blade cuts sample
carbon vapor covers the cut makig a replica
what are three structures that all cells have
- plasma membrane
- dna
- cytoplasm
two types of prokaryote
- eubacteria
- archea
structural features of prokaryotes
- cytoplasm not devided
- no membrane bound organells
- 70s ribosomes
- loops of dna
- smaller loops of dna - plsmids
cytosol
substance in cytoplasm
cell walls in prokaryotes
with the glycoprotein peptidoglycon
feaures prokaryotes may also have
- capsule
- enfolding walls
- plasmids
- cilla or flagellum
eukaryotic
cells where there are many membrane bound organnels wheras brokaryotic is a single compartment
0 membranes surrounding
- microtubules, micofillaments
1 membrane surrounding
- rough and smootheER, goligi apparatus, lysomes, vesticles, vacuole
2 membranes surrounding
- nucleus, mitrochondria, chloroplasts
what do membrane bound organellls allow for
- higher enzyme concentration
- speration
- optimal conditions
- number and location controll
plant and animal share all structures apaart from
- chloroplast, cell walll for plant
- centroles for animal
plasma membrane
controlls material echange through bilayer
nucelus
contains chromatin
darker area is nucleous
chromosomes
sections of linear DNA wrapped around a protein called histones
rough endoplasmic recticulum
covered in 80 s ribosomes
processes proteins made by the ribosomes
ribosomes
found loosley and on rer
construced in nucelus
sight of translation
mitrochondria
sight of respiration
- outer meberane
- inner
- maxtrix
- cistrate
golgi apparatus
Flattened sacs of membrane called cisternae
Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles
The vesicles then transport the proteins and lipids to their required destination
vesicles
mebrane bound sacs for transport
lysoes
chloroplasts
double membraned
- thylakoids hold chlorphyll for photosynthesis
they stack to form grana
- granan joined by lamelbe
MRH GREN
- METABOLISM
- REPORDUCTION
- HOMEOSTSIS - regulation of internal conditions
- GROWTH
- RESPONSE
- EXCRETION
- NUTRITION
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cell walls
- animal dont have so may burnt
- plants made of celluose
- fungi mafe of glucans called chitin
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: vacuoles
- snimals have small and temporary ones
- plant and fungi have large and permanent
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: chloroplast
- plant yas
- animal and fungi no
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cplastids
- plants have many
- animal and fungi dont have
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: centrioles
- animal cells have used in celll devison
- plant and fungi font havr
comparisons between animal fungi anf plants: cillia and flagella
- animals have
- plant dont have cilla some flaggella
- fungi dont have cillia some flagella
