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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

A

A

human blood type of the ABO system

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2
Q

AA

A

abbr Alcoholics Anonymous

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3
Q

ABC

A

Full form airway, breathing and circulation.

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4
Q

Abate

A

To lessen or decrease. For example, after a boil is lanced, the pus can drain and the pain and tenderness abate. From the French abbatre, to beat down.

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5
Q

Abatement

A

A diminution, decrease or easing. In medicine there may be abatement of pain or any other symptom or sign. In the environment there may abatement in the degree of pollution. See also: Abate.

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6
Q

Abdomen

A

space inside the body below the diaphragm.

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7
Q

Abdominal

A

relating to the abdomen.

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8
Q

Abdominal Aneurysm

A

An aneurysm situated within the abdomen (belly). An aneurysm is a localized widening (dilatation) of an artery, vein, or the heart. At the area of an aneurysm, there is typically a bulge and the wall is weakened and may rupture.

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9
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

which lies between the diaphragm and the point where the aorta divides into the iliac arteries.

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10
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

space in the body below the chest.

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11
Q

Abdominal distension

A

abdomen is stretched because of gas or fluid.

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12
Q

Abdominal Viscera

A

the stomach, liver and intestines.

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13
Q

Abdominal wall

A

tissue which surrounds the abdomen.

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14
Q

Abdomino

A

prefix referring to the abdomen.

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15
Q

Abdominopelvic

A

referring to the abdomen and pelvis.

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16
Q

Abdominoperineal

A

referring to the abdomen and perineum.

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17
Q

Abdominoposterior

A

position of a fetus in the uterus.

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18
Q

Abdominoscopy

A

examination of the abdomen with an endoscope.

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19
Q

Abdminothoracic

A

referring to the abdomen and thorax.

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20
Q

Abiding

A

verb same as abduct.

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21
Q

Abduces nerve

A

the sixth cranial nerve.

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22
Q

Abducent

A

parts of the body away from each other.

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23
Q

Abdicant nerve

A

same as abduces nerve each of the sixth pair of cranial nerves, supplying the muscles concerned with the lateral movement of the eyeballs.

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24
Q

Abduct

A

(of a muscle) move (a limb or part) away from the midline of the body or from another part.

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25
Q

Abduction

A

the motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body.

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26
Q

Aberrant

A

adjective not usual.

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27
Q

Aberration

A

growth which is not usual or expected.

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28
Q

Ablation

A

the removal of an organ by surgery.

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29
Q

Abnormal

A

adjective not usual.

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30
Q

Abocclusion

A

teeth in the top and bottom jaws do not touch.

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31
Q

Aboral

A

situated away from or opposite the mouth.

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32
Q

Abort

A

to eject an embryo or fetus.

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33
Q

Abortifacient

A

instrument which provokes an abortion.

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34
Q

Abortion

A

situation where fetus leaves the uterus before it is fully developed.

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35
Q

Abortion pill

A

drug that causes an abortion to occur very early in pregnancy.

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36
Q

Abortion Trauma Syndrome

A

guilt, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem.

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37
Q

Abortive

A

adjective not successful.

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38
Q

Abortive Poliomyelitis

A

a mild form of poliomyelitis (polio) that does not involve the central nervous system, does not cause permanent disabilities of any kind, and recovery is within a couple days (24-72 hours).

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39
Q

Abortus

A

fetus which is expelled during an abortion.

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40
Q

Aborts Fever

A

An infection spread from animals to people, mostly by unpasteurized dairy products. Noun same as Brucellosis.

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41
Q

ABO System

A

The ABO blood group antigens are encoded by one genetic locus, the ABO locus, which has three alternative (allelic) forms—A, B, and O.

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42
Q

Abrasion

A

skin has been rubbed off by a rough surface and bleeds.

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43
Q

Abreact

A

unconscious psychological tension.

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44
Q

Abreaction

A

the expression and consequent release of a previously repressed emotion, achieved through reliving the experience that caused it (typically through hypnosis or suggestion). Treatment of a person with a neurosis.

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45
Q

Abruption Placentae

A

occasion when the placenta suddenly comes away from the uterus , often causing shock and bleeding.

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46
Q

Abscess

A

painful swollen area where pus forms.

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47
Q

Abstainer

A

noun a person who does not drink alcohol.

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48
Q

A.C.

A

adverb (used on prescriptions) before food. Latin “ante cibum”.

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49
Q

Acanthosis

A

A benign abnormal thickening of the stratum spinosum, or prickle cell, layer of the epidermis.

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50
Q

Acapnia

A

condition of not having enough carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues.

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51
Q

Acariasis

A

the presence of mites or ticks on the skin

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52
Q

Acaricide

A

substance which kills mites or ticks.

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53
Q

Acarophobia

A

fear of mites or ticks.

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54
Q

Acatalasia

A

Absence or deficiency of catalase from blood and tissues, often manifested by recurrent infection or ulceration of the gingivae (gums) and related oral structures and caused by mutations in the catalase gene.

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55
Q

Accessory nerve

A

eleventh cranial nerve which supplies the muscles in the neck and shoulders.

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56
Q

Accessory organ

A

an organ which has a function which is controlled by another organ.

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57
Q

Accommodation

A

ability to focus on objects at different distances, using the biliary muscle.

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58
Q

Accommodative squint

A

squint when the eye is trying to focus on an object which is very close

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59
Q

Accouchement

A

when a woman is being looked after because her baby is being born, or has just been born.

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60
Q

Accretion

A

gradual increase in size, as through growth or external addition.

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61
Q

Ace

A

an enzyme that increases blood pressure.

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62
Q

Ace inhibitor

A

fetus born without a head.

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63
Q

Acetabuloplasty

A

surgical operation to repair or rebuild the acetabulum.

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64
Q

Acetabulum

A

the partof the pelvic bone, shaped like a cup, into which the head of the femur fits to form the hip joint.

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65
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and a fever reducer. Acetaminophen is used to treat mild to moderate pain, moderate to severe pain in conjunction with opiates, or to reduce fever.

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66
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Acetazolamide is a diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor medication used to treat several illnesses. It works to cause an accumulation of carbonic acid by preventing its breakdown. FDA-approved indications include glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, congestive heart failure, altitude sickness, periodic paralysis, and epilepsy.

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67
Q

Acetonemia

A

The presence of an excess of acetone in the blood, which occurs in ketoacidosis due to alcohol abuse, uncontrolled diabetes (ketoacidosis), starvation and prolonged fasting.

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68
Q

Acetone

A

A colorless, volatile, flammable liquid; extremely small amounts are found in normal urine, but larger quantities occur in the urine and blood of people with diabetes, sometimes imparting an ethereal odor to the urine and breath.

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69
Q

Acetonuria

A

Excretion in the urine of large amounts of acetone, an indication of incomplete oxidation of large amounts of lipids; commonly occurs in diabetic acidosis.

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70
Q

Acetylcholine

A

the acetic acid ester of choline, normally present in many parts of the body and having important physiologic functions. It is a neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses in the central, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems. Used in medicine as a miotic.

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71
Q

Achalasia

A

Achalasia is a disorder of the esophagus that prevents normal swallowing.

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72
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

The large tendon connecting the heel bone to the calf muscles of the leg.

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73
Q

Achillorrhaphy

A

suturing of the Achilles tendon.

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74
Q

Achillotomy

A

Surgical division of the Achilles tendon.

75
Q

Achlorhydria

A

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.

76
Q

Acholuria

A

Absence of bile pigments from the urine in certain cases of jaundice.

77
Q

Choleric Jaundice

A

jaundice with the presence of biliary derivatives in the urine; occurs in regurgitation hyperbilirubinemia.

78
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A type of bone growth disorder. Due to genetic mutations, the cartilage does not convert into a bone during fetal development, resulting in dwarfism.

79
Q

Achromatopsia

A

a condition characterized by a partial or total absence of color vision.

80
Q

Aciclovir

A

drug that is effective against herpes viruses.

81
Q

Accelerators

A

containing hydrogen, which reacts with an alkali to form a salt and water.

82
Q

Acidaemia

A

Blood that has too much acid in it.

83
Q

Acid base balance

A

Balance between acid and base, i.e. the pH level, in plasma.

84
Q

Acidity

A

The level of acid in a liquid.

85
Q

Acidosis

A

Process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues.

86
Q

Acidotic

A

An actual or relative increase in the acidity of blood due to an accumulation of acids.

87
Q

Acid Reflux

A

Acid in the stomach to pass into the esophagus.

88
Q

Aciduria

A

Condition of having acid in the urine especially in abnormal amounts see aminoaciduria.

89
Q

Acinus

A

The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced, is acinar in form, as is the alveolar sac containing multiple alveoli in the lungs.

90
Q

Acne Rosacea

A

Acne rosacea is one of four types of rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin condition that typically develops during adulthood. Symptoms concentrate around the cheeks and nose, and consist of persistent sensitivity, redness, irritation and breakouts similar to acne.

91
Q

Acoustic Nerve

A

The cochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic or auditory nerve, is the 8th cranial nerve responsible for hearing. It travels from the inner ear to the brainstem and out through a bone located on the side of the skull called the temporal bone.

92
Q

Acoustic Neurofibroma

A

A type of peripheral nerve tumor that forms soft bumps on or under the skin.

93
Q

Acoustic Trauma

A

The sustainment of an injury to the eardrum as a result of a very loud noise.

94
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

Immunity which a body acquires from having caught a disease or from immunization, not one which is congenital.

95
Q

Acrivastine

A

It is used in the treatment of rhinitis, urticarial and eczema.

96
Q

Acre

A

To a point or tip.

97
Q

Acrocephalia

A

A congenital abnormality of the skull in which the top of the head assumes a conical or pointed shape.

98
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

Is when your hands and feet turn blue because blood vessels are constricted. It can be primary or secondary. Primary acrocyanosis is more common in newborns but can also happen to people with certain medical conditions. Secondary acrocyanosis can be from cold weather, medications, or diseases.

99
Q

Acrodynia

A

A medical condition which occurs due to mercury poisoning.

100
Q

Acromial

A

The acromion forms the summit of the shoulder, and is a large, somewhat triangular or oblong process, flattened from behind forward, projecting at first lateralward, and then curving forward and upward, so as to overhang the glenoid fossa.

101
Q

Acromioclavicular

A

Relating to the acromion and the clavical.

102
Q

Acromion

A

Pointed top of the scapula, which forms the tip of the shoulder.

103
Q

Acronyx

A

Condition in which a nail grows into the flesh.

104
Q

Acroparaesthesia

A

An abnormal sensation, such as tingling, numbness, pins and needles, in the hands and fingers.

105
Q

Acrophobia

A

Fear of heights.

106
Q

Acrosclerosis

A

A combination of Raynaud’s disease and Scleroderma of the distal parts of the limbs, especially the digits, and of the neck and face, particularly the nose.

107
Q

ACTH

A

Abbr Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

108
Q

Actinomycin

A

Antibiotic used in the treatment of children with cancer.

109
Q

Actinomycosis

A

Infection most often occurs in the face and neck region and is characterized by the presence of a slowly enlarging, hard, red lump.

110
Q

Action Potential

A

Nerve signals that are generated and conducted by neurons.

111
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity which is required by catching and surviving an infectious disease.

112
Q

Acute Rhinitis

A

Virus infection which causes inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose and throat.

113
Q

Acute Supportive Arthritis

A

same as pyarthrosis.

114
Q

Acute Toxicity

A

Level of concentration of a toxic substance which makes people seriously ill or can cause death.

115
Q

Acystia

A

Condition in which a baby is born without a bladder.

116
Q

AA

A

abbr Alzheimers disease.

117
Q

Adams Apple

A

Part of the thyroid cartilage which projects from the neck below the chin in a man.

118
Q

Adapt

A

To change one’s ideas or behaviors to fit into a new situation.

119
Q

Adaptation

A

The act of changing something so that it fits a new situation.

120
Q

ADD

A

Abbr attention deficit disorder

121
Q

Addictive

A

Drug which is habit-forming and which people can become addicted to.

122
Q

Addisons Anaemia

A

A blood disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B12. Patients who have this disorder do not produce the substance in the stomach that allows the body to absorb vitamin B12. This substance is called intrinsic factor (IF).

123
Q

Addisons Disease

A

Disease of the adrenal glands, causing a change in skin color to yellow and then to dark brown and resulting in general weakness, anemia, low blood pressure.

124
Q

Adducent

A

To draw (as a limb) toward or past the median axis of the body
also : to bring together (similar parts)

125
Q

Adduct

A

To pull a leg or arm towards the central line of the body.

126
Q

Adduction

A

Part of the body towards the midline or towards a neighboring part.

127
Q

Adductor

A

Part of the body towards a neighboring part.

128
Q

Aden

A

Adenoma (used before vowels)

129
Q

Adenectomy

A

Surgical removal of a gland.

130
Q

Adenine

A

Four basic chemicals in DNA.

131
Q

Adenitis

A

Inflammation of a gland or lymph node.

132
Q

Adeno

A

Lump, tumor, or swelling.

133
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

A type of cancer that starts in the glands that line the inside of one of your organs.

134
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Produces and secretes a majority of the hormones of the pituitary gland.

135
Q

Adenoidal Expression

A

Exhibiting the characteristics (such as snoring, mouth breathing, and voice nasality) of one affected with abnormally enlarged adenoids.

136
Q

Adenoidectomy

A

The removal of the adenoids.

137
Q

Adenoids

A

Mass of tissue at the back of the nose and throat that can restrict breathing if enlarged.

138
Q

Adenoid Vegetation

A

Adenoidal tissue is covered with growths and can block the nasal passages or the Eustachian tubes.

139
Q

Adenolymphoma

A

Benign tumor of the salivary glands.

140
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor of a gland.

141
Q

Adenoma Sebaceum

A

Refers to the reddish-brown papular rash found characteristically in a “butterfly” distribution over the face.

142
Q

Adenomyoma

A

Benign tumor made up of glands and muscle.

143
Q

Adenopathy

A

Disease of a gland

144
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

The hardening of a gland.

145
Q

Adenosine

A

Drug used to treat an irregular heartbeat.

146
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate

A

Provide energy for processes to take place within living cells, formed when adenosine triphosphate reacts with water.

147
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Chemical which occurs in all cells, but mainly in muscle, where it forms the energy reserve.

148
Q

Adenosis

A

Disease of disorder of the glands.

149
Q

Adenovirus

A

Are common causes of respiratory illness, but most infections are not severe.

150
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

A chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.

151
Q

ADHD

A

Attention Deficit Disorder. Marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

152
Q

Adhesion

A

An abnormal union of membranous surfaces due to inflammation or injury.

153
Q

Adhesive Dressing

A

A sterile absorbent pad with an adhesive surround.

154
Q

Adhesive Strapping

A

Similar to a sports tape, medical strapping tape is designed to stabilize and fasten an injured joint or sprain.

155
Q

Adipo

A

Prefix referring to fat.

156
Q

Adiopose

A

Containing fat, or made of fat.

157
Q

Adipose Degeneration

A

Accumulation of fat in the cells of an organ such as the heart or liver, which makes the organ less able to perform it’s proper function.

158
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Tissue where the cells contain fat.

159
Q

Adipose

A

State where too much fat is accumulated in the body.

160
Q

Adiposogenital Dystrophy

A

A group of endocrine abnormalities believed to result from damage to the hypothalamus.

161
Q

Adiposuria

A

The presence of fat in the urine.

162
Q

Adiposus

A

Panniculus Adiposus, The fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superficial to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus.

163
Q

Aditus

A

Opening or entrance to a passage.

164
Q

Adjuvant

A

A substance added to drug to enhance the effect of the main ingredient.

165
Q

ADLS

A

Activities of daily living.

166
Q

Orally

A

To give a medicine by mouth.

167
Q

Adnexa

A

Structures attached to an organ.

168
Q

Adolescence

A

Period of life when a child is developing into an adult.

169
Q

Adolescent

A

Developing into an adult, or occurring at that stage of life.

170
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue.

171
Q

Adrenal

A

Situated near the kidney.

172
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

The outer region and also the largest part of an adrenal gland.

173
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Surgery to remove one or both of the adrenal glands.

174
Q

Adrenal gland

A

One of two endocrine glands at the top of the kidneys which secrete cortisone, adrenaline and other hormones.

175
Q

Adrenergic

A

Cell or neuron which is stimulated by adrenaline_ Beta blocker.

176
Q

Adrenoceptor

A

Cell or neuron which is stimulated by adrenaline.

177
Q

Adrenocortical

A

Relating to the cortex of the adrenal glands.

178
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic

A

Acting on or stimulating the adrenal cortex.

179
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

A rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait chiefly affecting males in childhood and that is characterized by progressive blindness, deafness, tonic spasms, and mental deterioration. abbr. ADL.

180
Q

Adrenolytic

A

Acting against the secretion of adrenaline.

181
Q

Adrenoreceptor

A

Same as Adrenoceptor.

182
Q

Adaptadsorbent

A

Being capable of adsorption.

183
Q

Adventitia

A

An external chiefly connective tissue covering of an organ

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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